CS 160: Lecture 4: CS 160: Lecture 4 Professor John Canny Spring 2004 Jan 30


Administrivia: Administrivia Make sure you know your team number. You will with team-mates during the break. Next weds, we will use class time to discuss your group project topic with you. Make sure you have a clear, proposed topic and user group by next Weds.


Selecting Users for a new product: Selecting Users for a new product What community are you designing for? A community is more than a set of individuals. Rituals, places, shared values, background... What things do they value? Speed? Features? Convenience? Affordability?... What are your assumptions about them? Make periodic “honesty checks” Seek out representative members


Selecting Tasks for Contextual Inquiry: Selecting Tasks for Contextual Inquiry Real tasks users have faced collect any necessary materials Should provide reasonable coverage compare check list of functions to tasks Mixture of simple & complex tasks easy task (common or introductory) moderate task difficult task (infrequent or for power users)


What Should Tasks Look Like?: What Should Tasks Look Like? Say what the user wants to do, but not how the user would do it allows comparing different design alternatives They should be very specific forces us to fill out description + relevant details say who the users are (use personas or profiles) design can really differ depending on who require explicit names/data values characteristics of the users Some should describe a complete job forces us to consider how features work together


Using Tasks in Design: Using Tasks in Design Write up a description of tasks formally or informally (us) run by users and rest of the design team get more information where needed Manny is in the city at a club and would like to call his girlfriend, Sherry, to see when she will be arriving a the club. She called from a friends house while he was on BART, so he couldn’t answer the phone. He would like to check his missed calls and find the number so that he can call her back.


Using Tasks in Design (contd): Using Tasks in Design (contd) Rough out an interface design discard features that don’t support your tasks or add a real task that exercises that feature major screens & functions (not too detailed) hand sketched Produce scenarios for each task what user has to do & what they would see step-by-step performance of task


Scenarios (cont.): Scenarios (cont.) Scenarios are design specific, tasks aren’t Scenarios force us to show how various features will work together settle design arguments by seeing examples Show users storyboards sequences of sketches showing screens actions users can take


Involve Users to Answer Task Analysis Questions: Involve Users to Answer Task Analysis Questions Users help designers learn what is involved in their jobs what tools they use i.e., what they do Developers reveal technical capabilities builds rapport & an idea of what is possible user’s can comment on whether ideas make sense How do we do this? observe & interview prospective users in work place!


Task Analysis: Task Analysis Find out who the intended customers are what tasks they need to perform Observe existing work practices Create scenarios of actual use Try-out new ideas before building software


Why Task Analysis?: Why Task Analysis? System will fail if it does not do what the customer needs is inappropriate to the customer “the system must match the customers’ tasks” Why not define “good” interfaces? infinite variety of tasks & customers guidelines are usually too vague e.g.,“give adequate feedback”


Example of Design Failure: Example of Design Failure BART “Charge-a-Ticket” Machines allow riders to buy BART tickets or add fare takes ATM cards, credit cards, & cash


Example of Design Failure: Example of Design Failure BART “Charge-a-Ticket” Machines allow riders to buy BART tickets or add fare takes ATM cards, credit cards, & cash Problems one “path” of operation ticket type -> payment type -> payment -> ticket BART Plus has minimum of $28, no indication of this until after inserting >= $1 can’t switch to regular BART ticket order of payment / card insertion non-standard large dismiss transaction button does nothing


Lessons from the BART machine: Lessons from the BART machine Failure to create convenient machine Did the designers understand/care range of customers using the machine what tasks they would want to carry out some would find the behavior of the machine disconcerting How can we avoid similar results? “What is required to perform the customer’s task?”


The Task Analysis Questions: The Task Analysis Questions Who is going to use system? What tasks do they now perform? What tasks are desired? How are the tasks learned? Where are the tasks performed? What’s the relationship between user & data?


Questions (cont.): Questions (cont.) What other tools does the customer have? How do customers communicate with each other? How often are the tasks performed? What are the time constraints on the tasks? What happens when things go wrong?


Who?: Who? Identity? in-house or specific customer is easy need several typical customers for broad product Values Likes/dislikes Personal characteristics: Education Literacy Physical abilities/disabilities Age


Who (BART)?: Who (BART)? Identity? people who ride BART business people, students, disabled, elderly, etc. Values Broad group, generally want minimum fuss, are frugal, maybe environmentalists. Likes/dislikes Most people hate having their money eaten Like saving money Nervous about safety/privacy when using machines


Who (BART cont.)?: Who (BART cont.)? Personal characteristics Mostly educated, fluent in English Most know how to use ATM/credit card machines Most know how to buy BART tickets Varying heights -> don’t make it too high or too low! Mixture of ages, a few disabled users (e.g. wheelchairs). Some bike users (make interface one-handed?)


Talk to Them: Talk to Them Find some real customers Talk to them find out what they do how would your system fit in Are they too busy? buy their time t-shirts, coffee mugs, etc.


What Tasks?: What Tasks? Important for both automation & new functionality Relative importance of tasks? Observe customers On-line billing example small dentists office had billing system automated assistants were unhappy with new system old forms contained hand-written margin notes e.g., patient A’s insurance takes longer than most, etc.


What Tasks (BART)?: What Tasks (BART)? Old tasks? cash to buy new ticket cash to add fare to existing ticket cash or credit to buy a BART Plus at window New tasks? cash, credit, or ATM card to buy new ticket add fare to existing ticket buy a BART Plus ticket Level of detail can vary


How are Tasks Learned?: How are Tasks Learned? What does the customer need to know? Do they need training? book/manual information general knowledge / skills special instruction / training


How are Tasks Learned (BART)?: How are Tasks Learned (BART)? Walk up & use system can’t assume much background/training Training? too time consuming Must be simple & similar to existing systems BART machines ATM machines


Where is the Task Performed?: Where is the Task Performed? Office, laboratory, point of sale, home? Effects of environment on customers? Lighting, sound, comfort, interruptions, water Social influence of environment Rituals, sacred places Effects of other people (bystanders)? Mere presence, safety, privacy Customers under stress?


Where (BART)? Train Station: Where (BART)? Train Station Loud dependence on voice I/O not a good idea Not private PIN input must be confidential don’t confirm with sound Lighting is dim make sure messages are readable Rituals: Panhandlers, musicians, reading the paper, cell phones


What is the Relationship Between Customers & Data?: What is the Relationship Between Customers & Data? Personal data always accessed at same machine? do customers move between machines? Common data used concurrently? passed sequentially between customers? Remote access required? Access to data restricted?


Data Relationships (BART): Data Relationships (BART) Personal data customers may use any machine store info on BART card Common data fare rules (e.g., how much for BART Plus) used concurrently Access to data restricted? only you can use your ATM or credit card No need for remote access


What Other Tools Does the Customer Have?: What Other Tools Does the Customer Have? More than just compatibility How customer works with collection of tools example: automating lab data collection how is data collected now? by what instruments and manual procedures? how is the information analyzed? are the results transcribed for records or publication? what media/forms are used and how are they handled?


Other Tools (BART): Other Tools (BART) Credit card, ATM card (today) E-wallet in cell phone or organizer (someday) Customer has PC, provide auditing for them?


How do Customers Communicate With Each Other?: How do Customers Communicate With Each Other? Who communicates with whom? About what? Follow lines of the organization? Against it? Example: assistant to manager installation of computers changes communication between them people would rather change their computer usage than their relationship [Hersh82]


How Often do Users Perform the Tasks?: How Often do Users Perform the Tasks? Frequent customers remember more details Infrequent customers may need more help even for simple operations Which function is performed most frequently? by which customers? optimize system for these tasks will improve perception of good performance


How Often (BART)?: How Often (BART)? Varying frequency of customers some take BART every day (most) some take it only occasionally Varying frequency of tasks can only do BART Plus every 2 weeks not frequent -> more instructions might do add fare or buy new ticket every day probably more common How to find out for sure? observe customers!


What are the Time Constraints on the Task?: What are the Time Constraints on the Task? What functions will customers be in a hurry for? Which can wait? Is there a timing relationship between tasks?


Time Constraints (BART)?: Time Constraints (BART)? Customers will almost always be in a hurry Lines form Take less than 1 minute/transaction Be able to do any task in any order


What Happens When Things Go Wrong?: What Happens When Things Go Wrong? How do people deal with task-related errors? practical difficulties? catastrophes? Is there a backup strategy?


Things Go Wrong (BART)?: Things Go Wrong (BART)? Confusion on task “dismiss transaction” button (that works!) Practical difficulty generated ticket with too much money cash-in policy? Catastrophe machine eats card -> swipe instead of insert Backup strategy use cash in regular machines (use ATM)


Selecting Tasks: Selecting Tasks Real tasks customers have faced collect any necessary materials Should provide reasonable coverage compare check list of functions to tasks Mixture of simple & complex tasks easy task (common or introductory) moderate task difficult task (infrequent or for power users)


A Better Subway Machine: Hong Kong: A Better Subway Machine: Hong Kong


Break: Break


Contextual Inquiry: Contextual Inquiry Way of understanding users’ needs and work practices Design happens in teams design team: programmer, marketing, quality assurance, producer, more.. user teams: the customers are also part of a team that does something


Master-Apprentice model: Master-Apprentice model Master – Apprentice model allows customer to teach us what they do! Master does the work & talks about it while working We interrupt to ask questions as they go Each step reminds the user of the next


Master-Apprentice model: Master-Apprentice model Master – Apprentice model allows customer to teach us what they do! Skill knowledge is usually tacit (cant put it in books) Studying many tasks, the designer can abstract away Sometimes literal apprenticeship is best: (Matsushita “Home Bakery”)!


Principles: Context: Principles: Context Go to workplace & see the work as it unfolds People summarize, but we want details Keep it concrete when people start to abstract “We usually get reports by email”, ask “Can I see one?” Look for skipped steps, ask user to fill them in.


Principles: Partnership: Principles: Partnership Stick with master-apprentice relationship; avoid lapsing into other models, i.e. Avoid interviewer/interviewee (stops work), expert/novice (set expectations at the start) Partnership allows more apprentice interaction: its OK to be a designer and interrupt! … but go back “in role”: Alternate between watching & probing (withdrawal & return)


Principles: interpretation: Principles: interpretation Good facts are only the starting point designs based on interpretations Validate & rephrase run interpretations by user to see if you are right share ideas to check your reasoning (walk the chain back) people will be uncomfortable until the phrasing is right need to be committed to hearing what the customer is really saying (“Huh?”, “Umm…”, “Yes, but…”)


Principles: Focus: Principles: Focus Interviewer needs data about specific kind of work “steer” conversation to stay on useful topics Respect triggers (flags to change focus – changing understanding) shift attention (some one walks in) surprises (you know it is “wrong”) treat every utterance by the customer as a potential clue to something important


Users: Unique or One of Many?: Users: Unique or One of Many? “.. nothing any person does is done for no reason; if you think it’s for no reason, you don’t yet understand the point of view from which it makes sense.” “Take the attitude that nothing any person does is unique to them, it always represents an important class of customers whose needs will not be met if you don’t figure out what’s going on.”


Thoughts on Interviews: Thoughts on Interviews Structure conventional interview (15 minutes) introduce focus & deal with ethical issues get used to each other by collecting standard user profile information transition (30 seconds) state new rules – they work while you watch & interrupt contextual interview (1-2 hours) take notes, draw, be nosy! (“who was on the phone?”) wrap-up (15 minutes) summarize your notes & confirm what is important


Thoughts on Interviews: Thoughts on Interviews Use recording technologies notebooks, tape recorders, still & video cameras Master/apprentice can be hard e.g., sometimes need to put down your company (the designers)


What Users Might Say: What Users Might Say “This system is too difficult” “You don’t have the steps in the order we do them” Do not take comments personally you shouldn’t have a personal stake Goal is to make the system easy to use for your intended users


Caveats of User-Centered Design Techniques: Caveats of User-Centered Design Techniques Users are not always right cannot anticipate new technology accurately your job is to build system users will want not system users say they want be very careful about this (you are outsider) if you can’t get users interested in your hot idea, you’re probably missing something


Caveats of User-Centered Design Techniques: Caveats of User-Centered Design Techniques Politics “agents of change” can cause controversy get a sense of the organization & bond w/ interviewee important to get buy-in from all those involved Design forever without prototyping rapid prototyping, evaluation, & iteration is key


Summary: Summary Think about the user community first Who they are, what their lifestyles are, what you’re assumptions about them are. Selecting tasks real tasks with reasonable functionality coverage complete, specific tasks of what user wants to do Contextual inquiry way to answer the task analysis questions interview & observe real users use the master-apprentice model to get them to teach you


Administrivia: Administrivia Meet your partners soon Discuss your project topic and user group Come to next Wednesday with a topic Note, you should still have a clear statement of a problem that drives your design, and a willingness to change that design.