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Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide1: Greg Constable, CSIRO Plant Industry, Narrabri R&D to address sustainability issues in the Australian cotton industry Cotton R&D structure: Cotton R&D structure Research CSIRO State Departments of Agriculture Universities Cotton R&D Corporation Research funds from levy on production Australian Cotton Growers Research Association Australian Cotton Industry Council Cooperative Research CentreSustainability issues: Sustainability issues Soil Structure Biology Fertility Salinity Pesticide dependence Insects Weeds Water And impact of all of these on the environment Overview: Overview The cotton production system has been constantly evolving in all areas: Weed Water Soil Disease Insect The total system package includes a spectrum from biotechnology to machinery …The Australian cotton industry : The Australian cotton industry Sixth largest producer; third largest exporter Price driven by US, China, $AUD/US Value of production = $1.2-1.6 billion Dryland and Irrigated (90%) Produced from 500,000haWEEDS: WEEDS Integrated Weed Management Rotation Cultivation Herbicides Hand chipping RR cotton (45%)Roundup Ready statistics: Roundup Ready statistics Pre plant residual herbicides 34% Planting herbicides 30% Knockdown herbicides 21% Over-the-top selective herbicides 69% Layby residual herbicides 2.2% Cultivation 28% Manual hand hoeing 58% % reduction v conventionalWATER: WATER Perceptions Water use efficiency Salinity Irrigation systemsDrought v production: Drought v productionCotton water research: Cotton water research Irrigation scheduling Long term climate analyses Surveys of irrigation efficiency Irrigation design Irrigation systemsOUTCOME: Water Use Efficiency: OUTCOME: Water Use Efficiency Gwydir Valley trend Water balance studiesFarm water delivery/use: Farm water delivery/use Drip irrigation Soil type Delivery Salinity Hydrology ?SOIL: SOIL Major soil type is a grey cracking clay High water holding capacity Prone to compaction Prone to waterlogging Relatively fertile Low organic matter Sodic at depthSoil research: Soil research Tillage and or crop rotation to maintain good or repair poor structure Fertilizer: diagnosis and management Soil biology: VAM, diseases Salinity modelling: soil type, hydrology SOIL management changes: SOIL management changes Rotation – wheat and others (70’s) Tillage – min till + permanent beds (80’s) Fertilizer – N to N, P, K, gypsum (90’s) Benefits Yield Nutrition Water use efficiency Is yield a soil health indicator? irrigation v drylandAgronomy research: Agronomy research Plant spacing Sowing date Growth regulator Dryland – irrigation Rotation – soil type Region XCotton diseases in Australia: Cotton diseases in Australia More * are more disease or more breeding successPathology research: Pathology research Crop management disease ecology soil biology: VAM, disease rotation Breeding for resistanceSlide19: Insect pests – a major challenge Cotton is attractive to insects; they are numerous in Australia Helicoverpa spp., other Lepidoptera, mites, sucking pests. significant constraint on production in many regions. >30% of variable costs. 80% of pesticidesWhy do we seek to develop IPM?: Why do we seek to develop IPM? Environmental issues: Pesticide contamination of rivers Pesticide residues in livestock Economic Issues: Development of resistance Cost of new products Social Issues: Use of toxic or high odour chemicals (OH&S, off-target impacts on health and well-being); public perception Pest management research: Pest management research Damage thresholds Crop compensation for damage Host plant resistance Soft pesticide options Biological control Beneficial insects Resistance management for insecticides transgenics Integrated Pest Management to Area Wide ManagementIngard: Ingard Bt gene from Monsanto – toxic to Helicoverpa. Limit 30% of area - resistance management. Six year mean benefit of Ingard over conventional = $77/ha. From savings on insecticide costs less Ingard license fee (currently $190/ha). Bollgard II from 2004 = better efficacy and substantially improved resistance management.Slide23: Difference: Ingard Average 60% reduction in Helicoverpa sprays 3.79 9.34 1.31 1.23 0.49 0.5 0.41 0.34 0.23 0.29 0 2 4 6 8 10 Helico Aphids Mirids Mites Thrips INGARD ConventionalIntegrated Pest Management: Integrated Pest ManagementOUTCOME: Insecticides active ingredient / ha on cotton: OUTCOME: Insecticides active ingredient / ha on cotton Source: CCA Market Audit Survey Data 2003 IPM IPM + IngardCONSEQUENCE: Endosulfan levels in the Namoi River: CONSEQUENCE: Endosulfan levels in the Namoi RiverPlant breeding: Plant breeding Conventional breeding Yield and adaptation Fibre quality Disease resistance Host plant resistance Biotechnology Transgenic varieties (RR, Ingard) New traits Marker assisted breeding CSIRO varieties marketed by Cotton Seed Distributors in Australia and internationally (FiberMax) including EuropeBiotechnology: Biotechnology Traits to benefit producer, environment (and consumer?) Regulatory studies Gene transfer Weediness Resistance managementMeasured variety yield progress: Measured variety yield progress Mean of at least ten sites each year (from Constable et al 2001)OUTCOME: Industry yield progress: OUTCOME: Industry yield progress Nearly half the increase is due to conventional breedingComponents of yield improvement: Components of yield improvement Total breeding 45% Considerable research on each topicExtension – having good research adopted: Extension – having good research adopted Incentive to change: bonus or penalty Local Industry Development Officer Decision Support Tools: Written technical manuals Web site Computer package: CottonLOGIC EntomoLOGIC NutriLOGIC HydroLOGIC Post Graduate Certificate in cotton production delivered at UniversityConclusion-summary: Conclusion-summary System package is changing all the time, Main contributors for progress: Crop rotation – soil, water, yield. Breeding for disease resistance – yield. Pest management IPM+GMO – environment. So … it is more sustainable; but there is more R&D to do. You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
W2 Constable Maria Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 257 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: January 28, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide1: Greg Constable, CSIRO Plant Industry, Narrabri R&D to address sustainability issues in the Australian cotton industry Cotton R&D structure: Cotton R&D structure Research CSIRO State Departments of Agriculture Universities Cotton R&D Corporation Research funds from levy on production Australian Cotton Growers Research Association Australian Cotton Industry Council Cooperative Research CentreSustainability issues: Sustainability issues Soil Structure Biology Fertility Salinity Pesticide dependence Insects Weeds Water And impact of all of these on the environment Overview: Overview The cotton production system has been constantly evolving in all areas: Weed Water Soil Disease Insect The total system package includes a spectrum from biotechnology to machinery …The Australian cotton industry : The Australian cotton industry Sixth largest producer; third largest exporter Price driven by US, China, $AUD/US Value of production = $1.2-1.6 billion Dryland and Irrigated (90%) Produced from 500,000haWEEDS: WEEDS Integrated Weed Management Rotation Cultivation Herbicides Hand chipping RR cotton (45%)Roundup Ready statistics: Roundup Ready statistics Pre plant residual herbicides 34% Planting herbicides 30% Knockdown herbicides 21% Over-the-top selective herbicides 69% Layby residual herbicides 2.2% Cultivation 28% Manual hand hoeing 58% % reduction v conventionalWATER: WATER Perceptions Water use efficiency Salinity Irrigation systemsDrought v production: Drought v productionCotton water research: Cotton water research Irrigation scheduling Long term climate analyses Surveys of irrigation efficiency Irrigation design Irrigation systemsOUTCOME: Water Use Efficiency: OUTCOME: Water Use Efficiency Gwydir Valley trend Water balance studiesFarm water delivery/use: Farm water delivery/use Drip irrigation Soil type Delivery Salinity Hydrology ?SOIL: SOIL Major soil type is a grey cracking clay High water holding capacity Prone to compaction Prone to waterlogging Relatively fertile Low organic matter Sodic at depthSoil research: Soil research Tillage and or crop rotation to maintain good or repair poor structure Fertilizer: diagnosis and management Soil biology: VAM, diseases Salinity modelling: soil type, hydrology SOIL management changes: SOIL management changes Rotation – wheat and others (70’s) Tillage – min till + permanent beds (80’s) Fertilizer – N to N, P, K, gypsum (90’s) Benefits Yield Nutrition Water use efficiency Is yield a soil health indicator? irrigation v drylandAgronomy research: Agronomy research Plant spacing Sowing date Growth regulator Dryland – irrigation Rotation – soil type Region XCotton diseases in Australia: Cotton diseases in Australia More * are more disease or more breeding successPathology research: Pathology research Crop management disease ecology soil biology: VAM, disease rotation Breeding for resistanceSlide19: Insect pests – a major challenge Cotton is attractive to insects; they are numerous in Australia Helicoverpa spp., other Lepidoptera, mites, sucking pests. significant constraint on production in many regions. >30% of variable costs. 80% of pesticidesWhy do we seek to develop IPM?: Why do we seek to develop IPM? Environmental issues: Pesticide contamination of rivers Pesticide residues in livestock Economic Issues: Development of resistance Cost of new products Social Issues: Use of toxic or high odour chemicals (OH&S, off-target impacts on health and well-being); public perception Pest management research: Pest management research Damage thresholds Crop compensation for damage Host plant resistance Soft pesticide options Biological control Beneficial insects Resistance management for insecticides transgenics Integrated Pest Management to Area Wide ManagementIngard: Ingard Bt gene from Monsanto – toxic to Helicoverpa. Limit 30% of area - resistance management. Six year mean benefit of Ingard over conventional = $77/ha. From savings on insecticide costs less Ingard license fee (currently $190/ha). Bollgard II from 2004 = better efficacy and substantially improved resistance management.Slide23: Difference: Ingard Average 60% reduction in Helicoverpa sprays 3.79 9.34 1.31 1.23 0.49 0.5 0.41 0.34 0.23 0.29 0 2 4 6 8 10 Helico Aphids Mirids Mites Thrips INGARD ConventionalIntegrated Pest Management: Integrated Pest ManagementOUTCOME: Insecticides active ingredient / ha on cotton: OUTCOME: Insecticides active ingredient / ha on cotton Source: CCA Market Audit Survey Data 2003 IPM IPM + IngardCONSEQUENCE: Endosulfan levels in the Namoi River: CONSEQUENCE: Endosulfan levels in the Namoi RiverPlant breeding: Plant breeding Conventional breeding Yield and adaptation Fibre quality Disease resistance Host plant resistance Biotechnology Transgenic varieties (RR, Ingard) New traits Marker assisted breeding CSIRO varieties marketed by Cotton Seed Distributors in Australia and internationally (FiberMax) including EuropeBiotechnology: Biotechnology Traits to benefit producer, environment (and consumer?) Regulatory studies Gene transfer Weediness Resistance managementMeasured variety yield progress: Measured variety yield progress Mean of at least ten sites each year (from Constable et al 2001)OUTCOME: Industry yield progress: OUTCOME: Industry yield progress Nearly half the increase is due to conventional breedingComponents of yield improvement: Components of yield improvement Total breeding 45% Considerable research on each topicExtension – having good research adopted: Extension – having good research adopted Incentive to change: bonus or penalty Local Industry Development Officer Decision Support Tools: Written technical manuals Web site Computer package: CottonLOGIC EntomoLOGIC NutriLOGIC HydroLOGIC Post Graduate Certificate in cotton production delivered at UniversityConclusion-summary: Conclusion-summary System package is changing all the time, Main contributors for progress: Crop rotation – soil, water, yield. Breeding for disease resistance – yield. Pest management IPM+GMO – environment. So … it is more sustainable; but there is more R&D to do.