logging in or signing up PS 280 13 mood disorders Marco1 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 2162 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (2) Dislike it (0) Added: February 27, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 2 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: alrawi53 (20 month(s) ago) i shall be highly obliged if you could provide me with permission to download mood disorders presentation. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide2: MOOD DISORDERS LECTURE OUTLINE Historical perspective Types of symptoms and diagnostic issues Unipolar disorders Bipolar disorders Etiology TreatmentsSlide3: MOOD DISORDERS Historical perspective Galen – bodily fluids and temperament black bile and melancholia Endogenous vs. reactive depression Neurotic vs. psychotic depressionSlide4: MOOD DISORDERS Diagnostic issues DSM-IV lists 10 mood disorders Major depressive disorder Dysthymic disorder Bipolar I Bipolar II Cyclothymic disorder Rapid cycling depression/mania Seasonal affective disorder Mood disorder with postpartum onset Mood disorder due to general medical condition Substance-induced mood disorderSlide5: MOOD DISORDERS Diagnostic issues a number of “specifiers” (e.g., severity, chronicity) are used in diagnosis Two broad categories – unipolar and bipolar Two important criteria in diagnosis – duration and severitySlide6: MOOD DISORDERS Diagnostic issues – Types of symptoms mood and emotion cognitions behaviour and motivation physical the experience of depressionSlide7: MOOD DISORDERS Unipolar disorders – Major depression symptoms include feelings of sadness, loss of interest or inability to experience pleasure, unexplained weight loss, difficulty sleeping, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, suicidal thoughts, agitation or slowing down typically lasts 6-9 monthsSlide8: MOOD DISORDERS Unipolar disorders – Major depression estimates suggest about 5% of Canadians suffer from depression (1-year prevalence rate); 22% lifetime prevalence for major depression twice as common in women – biological differences, expression of symptoms, social acceptability, role strain and stress estimates are that half of people who recover from major depression will experience another episode; those with 2 or more episodes have 70-80% chance of having another episodeSlide9: MOOD DISORDERS Unipolar disorders – Major depression Problem of underdiagnosis no obvious marker for depression many symptoms do not obviously point to depression stigma associated with diagnosis of depressionSlide10: MOOD DISORDERS Unipolar disorders – Dysthymia many of the same symptoms as major depressive disorder, but less severe dysthymia persists for at least 2 years with only brief times mood returns to normal – chronic sadnessSlide11: MOOD DISORDERS Bipolar disorders – Mania flamboyance and expansiveness extreme or prolonged mania presumed to be psychotic state less severe episodes are called hypomanic some people experience mania as a “high” there can be unipolar maniaSlide12: MOOD DISORDERS Bipolar disorders – Bipolar I and II Bipolar I – one or more manic episodes and one or more depressive episodes Bipolar II – at least one hypomanic episode and one or more episodes of major depression Bipolar disorders less prevalent than unipolar, .8-1.6% of population age of onset in 20s Rapid cycling depression/mania – 4 or more episodes per yearSlide13: MOOD DISORDERS Bipolar disorders – Cyclothymia long-standing pattern of alternating mood episodes that do not meet criteria for major depression or mania criteria include duration of at least 2 years with recurrent periods of mild depression alternating with hypomaniaSlide14: MOOD DISORDERS Bipolar disorders – Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) vulnerable to changes in sunlight, especially fall and spring prevalence rates of 4-6%, found more often in northern latitudes many SAD symptoms opposite of those found in major depression – increase in appetite, weight gain, more sleepSlide15: MOOD DISORDERS Bipolar disorders – Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) hormone melatonin photoherapySlide16: MOOD DISORDERS Etiology – Psychological models Psychodynamic – fixation at oral stage mourning and melancholia – introjection of lost loved one, anger turned inwards Depressive personality Attachment – Bowlby, anaclitic depression, introjective depressionSlide17: MOOD DISORDERS Etiology – Psychological models Cognitive – Beck – negative cognitive triad negative schemata cognitive distortions – selective abstraction, arbitrary inference, overgeneralization, magnification and minimizationSlide18: MOOD DISORDERS Etiology – Psychological models Learned helplessness and causal attributions – Seligman Life stress – especially loss experiences Interpersonal effects – marital violence, expressed emotion (EE) 3 components of EE – criticism, hostility, overinvolvementSlide19: MOOD DISORDERS Etiology – Biological models Genetics – first degree relatives of people with unipolar disorder have 30-35% prevalence rate for depression; second degree relatives, 12-15% prevalence rate Twin study (McGuffin et al., 1991) – Concordance rates of 53% for MZ twins, 28% for DZ for unipolar disorderSlide20: MOOD DISORDERS Etiology – Biological models Twin study (Bertelsen et al., 1977) – Concordance rates of 67% for MZ twins, 20% for DZ for bipolar disorder Neurotransmitter deficiencies – catecholamines (NE and serotonin) Monoamine hypothesis – shortage of NE, dopamine, and serotoninSlide21: MOOD DISORDERS Etiology – Biological models EEG findings – higher alpha readings in left front region Sleep disturbances – decrease in slow wave sleep and earlier onset of REM MRI and PET studies show increased ventricle size and decreased activity in left lateral prefrontal cortexSlide22: MOOD DISORDERS Treatment – Psychological models Depression often improves without treatment Cognitive therapy Behavioural strategies Interpersonal therapySlide23: MOOD DISORDERS Treatment – Biological models Antidepressant therapy – MAOs, tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Mood stabilizers – lithium carbonate for bipolar Combining pharmacotherapy and psychological therapy ECT – a controversial treatmentSlide24: MOOD DISORDERS SUMMARY Mood disorders are very common mental disorders, yet they often go undetected and untreated There are gender differences in rates of diagnosed depressionSlide25: MOOD DISORDERS SUMMARY The 2 main types of mood disorder are unipolar and bipolar Within these 2 categories there are wide differences in severity and duration of symptoms Biopsychosocial model appears to give the best account of mood disordersSlide26: MOOD DISORDERS SUMMARY but, not much on the social origins of depression Bipolar appears to have a stronger biological component than unipolar disorders There are effective psychological and biological treatments for the different mood disorders You do not have the permission to view this presentation. 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PS 280 13 mood disorders Marco1 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 2162 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (2) Dislike it (0) Added: February 27, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 2 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: alrawi53 (20 month(s) ago) i shall be highly obliged if you could provide me with permission to download mood disorders presentation. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide2: MOOD DISORDERS LECTURE OUTLINE Historical perspective Types of symptoms and diagnostic issues Unipolar disorders Bipolar disorders Etiology TreatmentsSlide3: MOOD DISORDERS Historical perspective Galen – bodily fluids and temperament black bile and melancholia Endogenous vs. reactive depression Neurotic vs. psychotic depressionSlide4: MOOD DISORDERS Diagnostic issues DSM-IV lists 10 mood disorders Major depressive disorder Dysthymic disorder Bipolar I Bipolar II Cyclothymic disorder Rapid cycling depression/mania Seasonal affective disorder Mood disorder with postpartum onset Mood disorder due to general medical condition Substance-induced mood disorderSlide5: MOOD DISORDERS Diagnostic issues a number of “specifiers” (e.g., severity, chronicity) are used in diagnosis Two broad categories – unipolar and bipolar Two important criteria in diagnosis – duration and severitySlide6: MOOD DISORDERS Diagnostic issues – Types of symptoms mood and emotion cognitions behaviour and motivation physical the experience of depressionSlide7: MOOD DISORDERS Unipolar disorders – Major depression symptoms include feelings of sadness, loss of interest or inability to experience pleasure, unexplained weight loss, difficulty sleeping, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, suicidal thoughts, agitation or slowing down typically lasts 6-9 monthsSlide8: MOOD DISORDERS Unipolar disorders – Major depression estimates suggest about 5% of Canadians suffer from depression (1-year prevalence rate); 22% lifetime prevalence for major depression twice as common in women – biological differences, expression of symptoms, social acceptability, role strain and stress estimates are that half of people who recover from major depression will experience another episode; those with 2 or more episodes have 70-80% chance of having another episodeSlide9: MOOD DISORDERS Unipolar disorders – Major depression Problem of underdiagnosis no obvious marker for depression many symptoms do not obviously point to depression stigma associated with diagnosis of depressionSlide10: MOOD DISORDERS Unipolar disorders – Dysthymia many of the same symptoms as major depressive disorder, but less severe dysthymia persists for at least 2 years with only brief times mood returns to normal – chronic sadnessSlide11: MOOD DISORDERS Bipolar disorders – Mania flamboyance and expansiveness extreme or prolonged mania presumed to be psychotic state less severe episodes are called hypomanic some people experience mania as a “high” there can be unipolar maniaSlide12: MOOD DISORDERS Bipolar disorders – Bipolar I and II Bipolar I – one or more manic episodes and one or more depressive episodes Bipolar II – at least one hypomanic episode and one or more episodes of major depression Bipolar disorders less prevalent than unipolar, .8-1.6% of population age of onset in 20s Rapid cycling depression/mania – 4 or more episodes per yearSlide13: MOOD DISORDERS Bipolar disorders – Cyclothymia long-standing pattern of alternating mood episodes that do not meet criteria for major depression or mania criteria include duration of at least 2 years with recurrent periods of mild depression alternating with hypomaniaSlide14: MOOD DISORDERS Bipolar disorders – Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) vulnerable to changes in sunlight, especially fall and spring prevalence rates of 4-6%, found more often in northern latitudes many SAD symptoms opposite of those found in major depression – increase in appetite, weight gain, more sleepSlide15: MOOD DISORDERS Bipolar disorders – Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) hormone melatonin photoherapySlide16: MOOD DISORDERS Etiology – Psychological models Psychodynamic – fixation at oral stage mourning and melancholia – introjection of lost loved one, anger turned inwards Depressive personality Attachment – Bowlby, anaclitic depression, introjective depressionSlide17: MOOD DISORDERS Etiology – Psychological models Cognitive – Beck – negative cognitive triad negative schemata cognitive distortions – selective abstraction, arbitrary inference, overgeneralization, magnification and minimizationSlide18: MOOD DISORDERS Etiology – Psychological models Learned helplessness and causal attributions – Seligman Life stress – especially loss experiences Interpersonal effects – marital violence, expressed emotion (EE) 3 components of EE – criticism, hostility, overinvolvementSlide19: MOOD DISORDERS Etiology – Biological models Genetics – first degree relatives of people with unipolar disorder have 30-35% prevalence rate for depression; second degree relatives, 12-15% prevalence rate Twin study (McGuffin et al., 1991) – Concordance rates of 53% for MZ twins, 28% for DZ for unipolar disorderSlide20: MOOD DISORDERS Etiology – Biological models Twin study (Bertelsen et al., 1977) – Concordance rates of 67% for MZ twins, 20% for DZ for bipolar disorder Neurotransmitter deficiencies – catecholamines (NE and serotonin) Monoamine hypothesis – shortage of NE, dopamine, and serotoninSlide21: MOOD DISORDERS Etiology – Biological models EEG findings – higher alpha readings in left front region Sleep disturbances – decrease in slow wave sleep and earlier onset of REM MRI and PET studies show increased ventricle size and decreased activity in left lateral prefrontal cortexSlide22: MOOD DISORDERS Treatment – Psychological models Depression often improves without treatment Cognitive therapy Behavioural strategies Interpersonal therapySlide23: MOOD DISORDERS Treatment – Biological models Antidepressant therapy – MAOs, tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Mood stabilizers – lithium carbonate for bipolar Combining pharmacotherapy and psychological therapy ECT – a controversial treatmentSlide24: MOOD DISORDERS SUMMARY Mood disorders are very common mental disorders, yet they often go undetected and untreated There are gender differences in rates of diagnosed depressionSlide25: MOOD DISORDERS SUMMARY The 2 main types of mood disorder are unipolar and bipolar Within these 2 categories there are wide differences in severity and duration of symptoms Biopsychosocial model appears to give the best account of mood disordersSlide26: MOOD DISORDERS SUMMARY but, not much on the social origins of depression Bipolar appears to have a stronger biological component than unipolar disorders There are effective psychological and biological treatments for the different mood disorders