Slide1 : Part Two: After-Class Reading >> After-Class Reading Passage 1 Science Looks Twice at Twins Passage 2 Talkative Parents Make Kids Smarter
Slide2 : Science Looks Twice at Twins Passage 1 1. Pre-Reading Questions 2. Organization Analysis 3. Words and Expressions 4. Key Sentences 5. Main Points Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage I
Slide3 : Pre-Reading Questions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage I What’s the most important and most controversial work scientist do in Twinsburg? To study nature and nurture, that age-old question of how we come to be the kind of people we are. 2) What’s the way to measure accurately the
effects of nature and nurture? To study identical twins raised apart, in different environments. To be continued
Slide4 : Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage I 3) What startles Bouchard’s team? The similarities between twins raised apart. They even have surprisingly similar gestures and postures, for instance. 4) What do some critics say about the similarities of the twins that Minnesota team has studied? They argue that everyone’s life has enough details that a number of coincidences are bound to exist. What’s more, for every coincidence discovered by a pair of identical twins raised apart, a skeptic could point to a vast number of undiscovered differences. To be continued
Slide5 : Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage I 5) What’s the result of the Minnesota study according to Nancy Segal? The study shows in a very persuasive way that genes influence every aspect of behavior. 6) Does Bouchard himself hold that genes are the only influence over our lives? No. He makes the point that even though genes may have a strong influence over four lives, they’re not the only influence. Our day-to-day experiences help to mold us too.
Slide6 : Organization Analysis Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage I Part One (Para 1-6)
The only way to measure accurately the effects of nature and nurture is to study identical twins raised apart.
Part Two (Para 7-16)
The study of the Minnesota team and their findings.
Part Three (Para 17-18)
Genes are not the only influence over our lives. Our day-to-day experiences help to mold us too.
Slide7 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage I fascinate v. attract or interest someone greatly 强烈地吸引，迷住 It is a subject that has always fascinated me.
The children were fascinated by the toys in the shop window. synonyms: attract captivate charm delight
enchant excite interest thrill
Slide8 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage I invade v. 1. enter a place in large numbers 大批涌入 Tourists invade Paris during the summer.
When the cinema opened, all the audience invaded it. 2. enter a country, town, or area using military force, in
order to take control of it 侵入，侵略 The Romans and the Normans came to Britain as invading armies.
He ordered the army to invade at dawn.
Slide9 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage I excel v. 1. (～ at, ～ in) be extremely good at 擅长 It is in this area of running that women excel.
I have never excelled in diving, although I have always been a good swimmer. 2. (～ oneself) do something much better than one
usually does 比平时做得好，超水平发挥 Graham has excelled himself with the new exhibition.
His cooking are always very good, but this time he has excelled himself. To be continued
Slide10 : Excel surpass exceed outdo outstrip These verbs mean to be or go beyond a limit or standard.
这些动词意味着超过一种界限或标准。
辨析 Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage I Words and Expressions To be continued
Slide11 : Excel surpass exceed outdo outstrip excel
1) to be preeminent 超群的
excels at figure skating 擅长花样滑冰
2) to be or perform at a level higher than that of another
or others 处于或表现出比另一个或其他人高的水平
excelled her father as a lawyer
作为律师强过她的父亲 辨析 surpass
to be superior in performance, quality, or degree
在表现、性质、程度等方面优于另外一个
is surpassed by few as a debater
作为一个很少有人能超过的辩才
happiness that surpassed description
难以形容的幸福
exceed
1) to be superior, as in quality 在性质上优于
an invention that exceeds all others in ingenuity
在创造力方面胜过其它事物的一项发明
2) to be greater than another, as in degree or quantity 在程度或性质方面比另外一个要好
a salary exceeding 50 thousand dollars a year
超过五万美元的年薪
3) to go beyond a proper limit 超越正常的限度
exceed one's authority 越权
exceed a speed limit 超速 outdo
to excel in doing or performing 在行动或实行上胜过
didn't want to be outdone in generosity
不愿在慷慨大度方面被超过
outstrip
often interchangeable with outdo, but strongly
suggests leaving another behind, as in a contest
经常和outdo 互换， 但在上下文中它更偏重于把另一个甩在后面
这个意思
It is a case of the student outstripping the teacher.
这是一个学生超过老师的例子。
Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage I Words and Expressions
Slide12 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage I reckless adj. not thinking of the consequences or of danger 鲁莽的，不顾
后果的 He is charged with causing death by reckless driving.
She showed a reckless disregard for her own safety. synonyms: careless hasty inconsiderate
thoughtless unmindful
Slide13 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage I strike a pose v. stand or sit with one’s body in a particular
position 摆姿态 He struck the customary pose of
a well-know politician, and everyone
laughed.
Slide14 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage I coincidence n. 1. when two things happen at the same time, in the same place, or to the same people in a way that seems surprising or unusual 巧合，巧事 It was quite a coincidence that my sister was on the same train.
I’m amazed at the frequency of this kind of coincidence. 2. a situation in which ideas or opinions are the same
(意见、爱好等的) 一致，相符 They have a substantial coincidence of business interests.
There was a suspicious coincidence of interest between the mining companies and certain politicians.
Slide15 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage I exert v. 1. use one's power, influence, etc. in order to make something happen 发挥，施加 My wife's been exerting a lot of pressure on me to change my job.
A well-funded national organization would be able to exert more influence in Parliament. 2. work very hard and use a lot of physical or mental
energy 竭力，尽力 He has exerted himself tirelessly on behalf of the charity.
You will have to exert yourself more if you want to pass your exam.
Slide16 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage I nonconformist (=non-conform-ist) n.
conform v. 1. obey a law, rule, etc. 遵守法律、规定等 On the first day when a pupil enters school, he is asked to conform to the school rules. 2) The building does not conform to safety regulations. To be continued
Slide17 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage I conform v. 2. behave in the way that most other people in your group or society behave 像大多数人那样行事，顺应 Many children who can't or don't conform are often bullied.
We conformed with social and family expectations.
3) There's considerable pressure on teenagers to conform. synonyms: agree assent comply
obey submit
Slide18 : Key Sentences Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage I 1. Had you been there, you might have noticed a large group of scientists who also attended the festival. 如果虚拟条件从句中有were, had, should时， 可以把if省略
把这几个词放在主语之前构成主谓倒装。 例如：
Should we fail again, we should not lose heart.
如果再一次失败， 我们也应该鼓起勇气。
Had they time, they would certainly come.
如果有时间， 他们一定会来的。 Comment Translation 如果你去过那儿, 你会发现许多科学家也参加了这次活动。 Paraphrase If you had been there, you might have found many scientists attending the festival.
Slide19 : Key Sentences Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage I 2. But of all the scientists, perhaps the ones doing the most important—and most controversial—work are those who study nature and nurture, that age-old question of how we come to be the kind of people
we are. 句中and most controversial作为插入语， 位于两个破折号“—”之间，与most important一起作work的定语，起补充说明作用， 属于下列用法之3）。 Comment Translation 但是在所有的科学家中， 从事最重要的--也是最有争议的--工作的是这样一些科学家， 他们专门研究先天遗传和后天培养这个
由来已久的问题，即研究我们是如何发展成现在这个样子的。 To be continued
Slide20 : Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II Comment 破折号的用法 破折号是用来加强语气的符号，表示意思突然转折，往往起到冒号，分号或逗号的作用。其用法如下：
1) 表示话语突然中断、意思突然转折或犹豫不决。例如：
“I‘d like to ,” he said, “but — ” “我想”，他说：“但是 —”
“ Well — it's hard to explain.” “嗯—这很难解释。”
2) 引出被强调的词语。例如：
The only person that he admires is — Churchill.
他只钦佩一个人 — 丘吉尔。
3) 分隔非限定性修饰语、同位语或附加成分的词语。例如：
He is the exact person — the person that I expected.
他就是那个人 — 我要找的人。 To be continued
Slide21 : Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II Comment 破折号的用法
4) 引出概括性词语。例如：
English, Chinese, and maths — all these are the subjects that he should study.
英语，语文，数学 — 所有这些都是他该学的科目。
5) 表示引文出处。例如：
I have nothing to offer but blood, toil , tears and sweat.
— Winston Churchill
我可没什么可奉献的，除了鲜血，劳动，眼泪，和汗水。
— 温思顿•丘吉尔
6) 用于两地名或两个时间之间，意为“至”，例如：
London — Manchester 伦敦到曼彻斯特
1923 —1978
Slide22 : Key Sentences Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage I 3. The only way you could accurately measure the effects of nature and nurture would be to study identical twins raised apart, in different environments. “you could accurately measure the effects of nature and nurture” 作定语， 修饰 “the only way”, “raised
apart”， 过去分词短语作定语， 修饰“identical twins”。 Comment Translation 研究在不同环境下抚养的同卵双胞胎， 或许是你能准确衡量先天遗传和后天培养所起的作用的唯一方法。 Paraphrase The only way you could correctly find out the effects of inheritance and environment would be to study identical twins who were raised apart in
different environments.
Slide23 : Key Sentences Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage I 4. What’s more, for every coincidence discovered by a pair of identical twins raised apart, a skeptic could
point to a vast number of undiscovered differences. Translation 而且， 对于异地抚养的同卵双胞胎之间发现的任何一个巧合，持怀疑态度者都能指出大量未被发现的不同点。 Paraphrase Moreover, a person who has suspicion could show a great number of undiscovered differences between them for every discovered similarities of
the identical twins who were raised apart. To be continued
Slide24 : Key Sentences Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage I what’s more: moreover 而且
I don’t like swimming, what’s more, it’s too cold
to swim. 我不喜欢游泳， 而且天气太冷。
point to： 表示；表明
All indications point to a warm winter this year.
所有的迹象都显示今年冬天将是暖冬。
All the evidence points to his guilt.
一切证据都表明他有罪。 Comment
Slide25 : Main Points Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage I Are people’s differences in intelligence, talents and tastes largely determined by nature or nurture? That’s an age-old question studied by scientists who usually take identical twins raised apart as the subjects. The similarities they have found of the identical twins startle them. Are genes so important? In the end, a conclusion can be drawn from the text that even though genes may have a strong influence over our lives, they are not the only influence, our
experiences help to mold us too.
Slide26 : Talkative Parents Make Kids Smarter Passage 2 1. Pre-Reading Questions 2. Organization Analysis 3. Words and Expressions 4. Key Sentences 5. Main Points Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II
Slide27 : Pre-Reading Questions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II There are obvious class differences in the result of parental interaction with their children.
What are they? There is a considerable intellectual boost for kids in white-collar families, a modest lift for those in blue-collar households, and a disturbingly weak assist for children in welfare families. 2) Can the problems children in welfare families
face be reversed easily? No. To be continued
Slide28 : Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II 3) How many families were involved in the study? Were they representative? 42 families. They represented a range of racial and ethnic groups; eight were single-parent families. The families ranged in size from a single child to seven children. 4) How were the materials for the study collected? Trained observers spent one hour every two months tape-recording and writing down the nature of all at-home interactions with a designated child in each family beginning at nine months of age. Observers focused only on that child and whoever talked or interacted with him or her. To be continued
Slide29 : Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II 5) What critical elements did parents who talked to children the most add to those interactions? Elements such as reinforcing the child’s efforts, responding to questions, providing guidance, and using a diverse vocabulary. 6) What’s the significance of the study? It indicates that although genes affect intellectual ability, the ways in which parents talk to their children and communicate expectations about learning also have a very significant influence. It represents a significant step toward a better understanding of normal child development.
Slide30 : Organization Analysis Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II
Slide31 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II exhaustive adj. extremely thorough and complete 彻底的，详尽的 The rescue team made an exhaustive search of the area. 2) The police made an exhaustive inquiry about the accident.
Slide32 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II yield v. 1. produce a result, answer, or a piece of information 得出 (结果等) The talks with management failed to yield any results.
Careful analysis yielded the following conclusions. 2. produce 产生，出产 The land yielded a good wheat crop.
Last year 400,000 acres of land yielded a crop worth $1.75 billion. To be continued
Slide33 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II yield v. 3. allow other traffic on a bigger road to go first 让其他车 (人) 先行，让路 When driving, yield to traffic on the left.
When entering a trail or starting a descent, yield to other skiers. 4. finally agree to do what someone else wants you to do
屈服，屈从 Further action may be necessary if the leaders do not yield to diplomatic pressure.
The sport should not yield to every demand that the television companies make. To be continued
Slide34 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II yield v. 5. move, bend, or break because of physical force or pressure 倒塌，跨掉 The door yielded easily when he pushed it.
Ideally, the surface should yield slightly under pressure. yield n. the amount of profits, crops, etc. that
something produces 产量，收益 Polluted water lessens crop yields.
If you invest the money now, the yield after only twelve months will be $3,160.
Slide35 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II initial adj. of or at the beginning 开始的；最初的 Tom's initial effort at skating was a failure.
After the initial shock, people adjusted to the new circumstances. n. (plural) the first letters of all your names in order (姓名等的) 首字母 His initials are DPH: they stand for David Perry Hallworth.
He carries a leather case with his initials stamped on it. synonyms: beginning earliest first
introductory primary
Slide36 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II modest adj. 1. not large in amount, size, etc. 适中的，适度的 There has been a modest improvement in housing conditions for the poor.
Swiss unemployment rose to the still modest rate of 0.7%. 2. not proud 谦虚的，谦逊的 Luke was too modest to talk about his past achievements.
He was always modest about his role in the Qomolangma expedition. To be continued
Slide37 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II modest adj. 3. feeling shy or embarrassed about showing one's body or attracting sexual interest 羞怯的，庄重的 The religious pilgrims were recognized by their modest behavior.
Asian women are more modest and shy, yet they tend to have an inner force. 4. moderate or limited in size, quantity, or range; not extreme:适度的：在尺寸，数量或范围上适度的或有限的；不极端的 a modest price 适中的价格
a newspaper with a modest circulation 订阅量不大的报纸 To be continued
Slide38 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II modest adj. synonyms: bashful humble plain quiet
shy simple unpretentious antonyms: arrogant immodest
Slide39 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II assert v. 1. (～ oneself) behave in a determined way and say clearly what you think 坚持自己的想法、权利、意见 You're too timid—you must try to assert yourself more.
Women assert themselves more nowadays and do not tolerate unfair treatment from men like they once did. 2. state or declare forcefully 断言，宣称，声明 Although she was found guilty, she continued to assert her innocence.
The government has repeatedly asserted that it will not change its policy. To be continued
Slide40 : assert asseverate declare These verbs all mean to make a positive statement.
这些动词的意思是肯定地提出。 辨析 Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II Words and Expressions To be continued
Slide41 :
assert：
state one‘s opinion confidently but often without proof to support it: 自信地讲出自己的观点，但常常是没有证据来支持：
I have endeavored to assert nothing but what I had good authority for.
除了我确有把握的事情外，我不会断然地讲任何事情。
辨析 assert asseverate declare
asseverate:
connotes sober sincerity of assertion:
指郑重真诚的断言：
The taxpayer also asseverates that his return from Greece proves conclusively that his intentions were and are honorable.
纳税人同时郑重声明他从希腊的返回，本身就非常有说服力地证明他的意图，曾经是，现在也是诚实的。
declare:
has the approximate force of assert, but may suggest formality of statement and authority in the speaker: 有接近于assert 所表述的力量，但含有表示讲话者礼节和权威的意思：
Congress declared that it would reduce the budget deficit.
国会宣布将要减少预算赤字。
Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II Words and Expressions
Slide42 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II contend v. 1. argue or state that something is true 声称，主张 The police contended that the difficulties they faced were too severe.
Critics of the school system contend that not enough emphasis is placed on creativity. 2. compete against someone in order to gain something 争夺，竞争 Three armed groups are contending for power.
Their team will contend for the basketball championship next week. To be continued
Slide43 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II contend v. 3. have to deal with something difficult or unpleasant 搏斗，争斗 It is time, once again, to contend with racism.
The rescue team also had bad weather conditions to contend with.
Slide44 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II intensify v. increase in degree or strength, or make something do this (使) 加强，(使) 加剧 His mother's death intensified his loneliness.
Failure only intensified Robert's desire to succeed in the new project.
Sharing an apartment has intensified our friendship.
Slide45 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II dimension n. 1. a part of a situation or a quality involved in it 方面，部分，特点 Doing volunteer work has added a whole new dimension to my life.
There is another dimension to this problem which you haven't considered.
He's a good newsman, and he has that extra dimension. 2. a measurement in space, for example, length, height, etc. 量度，维度 I don't think it would spoil the dimensions of the room.
Drilling will continue on the site to assess the dimensions of the new oilfield.
Slide46 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II controversy n. a serious argument or disagreement 争论，辩论 The proposed cuts (削减) have caused considerable controversy.
A controversy arises among the politicians. synonyms: argument dispute quarrel
Slide47 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II abuse n. 1. wrong or bad treatment 虐待，伤害 There has been an increase in the number of cases of child abuse. 2. the use of something in a way that it should not be used 滥用 This is clearly an abuse of executive power.
A self-monitoring tax system is clearly open to abuse. To be continued
Slide48 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II abuse v. 1. treat someone in a cruel and violent way 虐待，伤害 Janet had been abused by her father
since she was eleven. 2. deliberately use something for the wrong purpose or for your own advantage 滥用 Some salesmen have been known to abuse their expense accounts.
Slide49 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II designate v. 1. choose someone or something for a particular job or purpose (为某项工作或目的) 指定，选派，任命 He designated the place where we were to meet.
Social workers were designated to work with difficult children. 2. represent or refer to something using a particular sign, name, etc. (用特殊的名字或符号) 表明，标明，表示 Buildings are designated by red squares on the map.
Road hazards are designated by yellow diamond-shaped signs.
Slide50 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II follow up n. 1. the act or an instance of following up, as to further an end or review new developments追踪调查, 追踪的行动或实例 The follow-up is often as important as the initial contact
in gaining new clients. 2. one that follows so as to further an end or increase effectiveness 后续产品 The software was a successful follow-up to the original
product. To be continued
Slide51 : Words and Expressions Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II follow up n. 3. an article or a report giving further information on a previously reported item of news 追踪报道 Our newspaper story of the trial was a
great success; we must get someone to
write a follow-up.
Slide52 : Key Sentences Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II An exhaustive study of how “typical” parents talk with their children during the first few years of their life has yielded a mountain of valuable data and some initial findings with serious social implications. Translation “具有代表性的”家长在孩子出生之后的最初几年里是如何与孩子交谈的， 就这一问题有一项详尽的研究， 并已获得了大量的富有价值的数据和一些具有重要社会
意义的初步发现。 To be continued
Slide53 : Key Sentences Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II 介词短语of how “typical” parents talk with their children during the first few years of their life作主语study的定语，has yielded为本句的谓语， 介词短语with serious social implications作宾语findings的定语。
本句中“typical” parents指的是white-collar families (professional families) 白领阶层的家庭即脑力劳动的家庭、blue-collar households (working-class families)蓝领阶层的家庭即体力劳动的家庭及welfare families福利家庭。 Comment
Slide54 : Key Sentences Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II 2. Young children whose parents talk extensively to them score much higher on later IQ tests than those exposed to minimal amounts of parental talk, assert study codirectors Betty Hart of the University of Kansas and Todd Risley of the University of Alaska. Translation 这项研究的两位合作负责人是堪萨斯大学的贝蒂•哈特和阿拉斯加大学的托德•里斯利。 他们认为父母与之交谈很多的小孩同父母与之交谈很少的小孩相比， 在日
后的智力测验中得分要高得多。 To be continued
Slide55 : Key Sentences Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II 该句的前半部分实际上是句子的宾语， 即assert的内容，全句主语是study codirectors Betty Hart of the University of Kansas and Todd Risley of the University of Alaska，谓语是assert。 在前半部分中those后面省略了who are ， 即…those who are exposed to minimal amounts of parental talk; 句子后半部分是倒装, 其目的是保持句子平衡。 Comment
Slide56 : Key Sentences Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II 3. But the massive class differences in this parental behavior surprised us and suggest that children in welfare families face problems that cannot be reversed by a few hours of Head Start classes every week. Translation 但是， 家长行为中存在的这种巨大的阶级差异使我们感到震惊， 它表明靠福利救济的家庭中的孩子所面临的问题靠每周上几小时海德思达举办的幼儿教育课是无法克服的。 Paraphrase But the wide class gap in this parental behavior surprised us and indicated that the problems of children in welfare families can’t be changed by studying several hours each week in Head Start. To be continued
Slide57 : Key Sentences Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II 本句谓语有两个：surprised和suggest，应注意that children in welfare families face problems that cannot be reversed by a few hours of Head Start classes every week 作suggest的宾语从句，其中从句宾语problems又由定语从句that cannot be reversed by a few hours of Head Start classes every week 来修饰， 即宾语从句中包含定语从句。
suggest此处意为to make evident indirectly; intimate or imply: 间接地表明；暗示；
a silence that suggested disapproval
沉默暗示着反对
Her expression suggested anger.
她脸上的表情显示她生气了。 Comment
Slide58 : Key Sentences Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II 4. The 2.5-year investigation, followed by 3 years during which researchers analyzed a mountain of written and tape-recorded observations, adds a new dimension to the nurture side of the controversy. Translation 两年半的调查以及随后三年中研究者们对大量的观察资料--文字的和磁带记录的--所进行的分析为争论中的环境因素这一方增加了新的内容。 To be continued
Slide59 : Key Sentences Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II 句中followed by 3 years during which researchers analyzed a mountain of written and tape-recorded observations相当于which is followed by…， 用来修饰the 2.5-year investigation, 其中during which引导的 定语从句修饰3 years。 Comment
Slide60 : Main Points Part Two: After-Class Reading >> Passage II Researchers observed forty-two families in the Kansas City area, then analyzed a mountain of written and tape-recorded observations. They found although genes affect intellectual ability, the ways in which parents talk to their children and communicate expectation about learning also have a very significant influence, that is, “talkative parents make kids smarter”. This helps people make a significant step toward a better understanding of
normal child development. End of Part 2 Go to Part 3