Personality Disorders : Personality Disorders
4.17.2007
Personality Disorders : Personality Disorders Axis II
Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation
Diagnosed separately from Major Mental Disorders on Axis I
Designed so consideration can be given to prevailing personality patterns, which may be less obvious than Axis I disorders
Egosyntonic - the symptoms are part of who you are, this is who you are meant to be
Personality Disorders : Personality Disorders Personality patterns
Maladaptive
Inflexible
Pervasive
Enduring
Deviant
Cause significant distress or impairment
Personality Disorders : Personality Disorders An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture. This pattern is manifested in two (or more) of the following areas:
Cognition (ways of perceiving the self, others, and events)
Affect (range, intensity, lability, and appropriateness of affect)
Interpersonal Functioning
Impulse Control
The enduring pattern is inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations
Personality Disorders : Personality Disorders C. The enduring pattern leads to significant distress or impairment in functioning
D. The pattern is stable and of long duration, and its onset can be traced back at least to adolescence or early adulthood
E. Not better accounted for by another mental disorder
F. Not due to a GMC or substance
Types of Personality Disorders : Types of Personality Disorders Paranoid Personality Disorder
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Borderline Personality Disorder
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Dependent Personality Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Clusters : Clusters Cluster A
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Cluster B
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Borderline Personality Disorder
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Cluster C
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Dependent Personality Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Cluster A : Cluster A Odd, eccentric ways of thinking or behaving
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior
Paranoid Personality Disorder : Paranoid Personality Disorder Four or more of the following:
Suspects, without sufficient basis, that others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving him or her
Is preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or associates
Is reluctant to confide in others because of unwarranted fear that the information will be used maliciously against him or her
Paranoid Personality Disorder : Paranoid Personality Disorder Four or more of the following (continued):
Reads hidden demeaning or threatening meanings into benign remarks or events
Persistently bears grudges
Perceives attacks on his or her character or reputation that are not apparent to others and is quick to react angrily or to counterattack
Has recurrent suspicions, without justification, regarding fidelity of spouse or sexual partner
Paranoid Personality Disorder : Paranoid Personality Disorder
Facts about Paranoid PD : Facts about Paranoid PD Prevalence: 0.5-2.5%
10-30%
2-10%
Gender:
Can begin as:
Schizoid Personality Disorder : Schizoid Personality Disorder Four or more of the following:
Neither desires nor enjoys close relationships, including being part of a family
Almost always chooses solitary activities
Has little, if any, interest in having sexual experiences with another person
Schizoid Personality Disorder : Schizoid Personality Disorder Four or more of the following (continued):
Takes pleasure in few, if any, activities
Lacks close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives
Appears indifferent to the praise or criticism of others
Shows emotional coldness, detachment, or flattened affect
Schizoid Personality Disorder : Schizoid Personality Disorder
Facts about Schizoid PD : Facts about Schizoid PD Prevalence:
Gender:
Can begin as:
Note:
Schizotypal Personality Disorder : Schizotypal Personality Disorder Five or more of the following:
Ideas of reference
Odd beliefs or magical thinking that influences behavior and is inconsistent with subcultural norms
Unusual perceptual experiences including bodily illusions
Odd thinking or speech (vague, metaphorical, etc.)
Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation
Schizotypal Personality Disorder : Schizotypal Personality Disorder Five or more of the following (continued):
Inappropriate or constricted affect
Behavior or appearance that is odd, eccentric, or peculiar
Lack of close friends or confidants other than first degree relatives
Excessive social anxiety that does not diminish with familiarity and tends to be associated with paranoid fears rather than negative judgments about self
Schizotypal Personality Disorder : Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Facts about Schizotypal PD : Facts about Schizotypal PD Prevalence: 3%
15%
50%
Gender:
Can begin as:
Cluster B : Cluster B Dramatic, emotional, or erratic
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others
Borderline Personality Disorder
Pervasion pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy
Antisocial Personality Disorder : Antisocial Personality Disorder A. Three or more of the following recurring since age 15
Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest
Deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure
Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead
Antisocial Personality Disorder : Antisocial Personality Disorder A. Three or more of the following recurring since age 15 (continued):
Irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults
Reckless disregard for safety of self or others
Consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations
Lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another
Antisocial Personality Disorder : Antisocial Personality Disorder B. At least 18 years old
C. Evidence of Conduct Disorder with onset before age 15
D. Not exclusively during the course of Schizophrenia or a Manic Episode
Antisocial Personality Disorder : Antisocial Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder : Antisocial Personality Disorder Requires symptoms of Conduct Disorder before age 15 (Childhood Disorder)
Only disorder that requires symptoms of another disorder to be present
Facts about Antisocial PD : Facts about Antisocial PD Prevalence: 1-3%
3-30%
66-75%
Gender:
Borderline Personality Disorder : Borderline Personality Disorder Five or more of the following:
Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment
Pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation
Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self
Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging
Borderline Personality Disorder : Borderline Personality Disorder Five or more of the following (continued):
Recurrent suicidal behavior or self-mutilating behavior
Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood
Chronic feelings of emptiness
Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger
Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms
Borderline Personality Disorder : Borderline Personality Disorder
Facts about Borderline PD : Facts about Borderline PD Prevalence: 2%
10%
20%
Gender:
Associated w/:
Histrionic Personality Disorder : Histrionic Personality Disorder Five or more of the following:
Is uncomfortable in situations in which he or she is not the center of attention
Interaction with others is often characterized by inappropriate sexually seduction or provocative behavior
Displays rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotions
Consistently uses physical appearance to draw attention to self
Histrionic Personality Disorder : Histrionic Personality Disorder Five or more of the following (continued):
Has a style of speech that is excessively impressionistic and lacking in detail
Shows self-dramatization, theatrically, and exaggerated expression of emotion
Is suggestible
Considers relationships to be more intimate than they actually are
Histrionic Personality Disorder : Histrionic Personality Disorder
Facts about Histrionic PD : Facts about Histrionic PD Prevalence: 2-3%
10-15%
Gender:
Note:
Narcissistic Personality Disorder : Narcissistic Personality Disorder Five or more of the following:
Has a grandiose sense of self-importance
Is preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love
Believes that he or she is 'special' and unique and can only be understood by, or should associate with, other special or high-status people
Requires excessive admiration
Narcissistic Personality Disorder : Narcissistic Personality Disorder Five or more of the following (continued):
Has a sense of entitlement (i.e. unreasonable expectations of favorable treatment or others complying to their expectations)
Takes advantage of others
Lacks empathy: is unwilling to recognize or identify with the feelings and needs of others
Is often envious of others or believes that others are envious of him/her
Shows arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes
Narcissistic Personality Disorder : Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Facts about Narcissistic PD : Facts about Narcissistic PD Prevalence: andlt;1%
2-16%
Gender:
Associated w/:
Cluster C : Cluster C Anxious or fearful
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
Dependent Personality Disorder
Pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency
Avoidant Personality Disorder : Avoidant Personality Disorder Four or more of the following:
Avoids occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact, because of fears of criticism, disapproval, or rejection
Is unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of being liked
Shows restraint within intimate relationships because of the fear of being shamed or ridiculed
Avoidant Personality Disorder : Avoidant Personality Disorder Four or more of the following:
Is preoccupied with being criticized or rejected in social situations
Is inhibited in new interpersonal situations because of feelings of inadequacy
Views self as socially inept, personally unappealing, or inferior to others
Is unusually reluctant to take personal risks or to engage in any new activities because they may prove embarrassing
Avoidant Personality Disorder : Avoidant Personality Disorder
Facts about Avoidant PD : Facts about Avoidant PD Prevalence: 0.5-1%
10%
Gender:
Can begin as:
Dependent Personality Disorder : Dependent Personality Disorder Five or more of the following:
Has difficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others
Needs others to assume responsibility for most major areas of his or her life
Has difficulty expressing disagreement with others because of fear of loss of support or approval
Has difficulty initiating projects or doing things on his or her own (because of a lack of self-confidence rather than a lack of motivation or energy)
Dependent Personality Disorder : Dependent Personality Disorder Five or more of the following (continued):
Goes to excessive lengths to obtain nurturance and support from others, to the point of volunteering to do things that are unpleasant
Feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone because of exaggerated fears of being unable to care for himself or herself
Urgently seeks another relationship as a source of care and support when a close relationship ends
Is unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left to take care of himself or herself
Dependent Personality Disorder : Dependent Personality Disorder
Facts about Dependent PD : Facts about Dependent PD Prevalence: 2%
Gender:
Tend to:
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder : Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Four or more of the following
Is preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, organization, or schedules to the extent that the major point of the activity is lost
Shows perfectionism that interferes with task completion
Is excessively devoted to work and productivity to the exclusion of leisure activities and friendships
Is overconscientious, scupulous, and inflexible about matters of morality, ethics, or values
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder : Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Four or more of the following (continued):
Is unable to discard worn-out or worthless objects even when they have no sentimental value
Is reluctant to delegate tasks or to work with others unless they submit to exactly his or her way of doing things
Adopts a miserly spending style toward both self and others, money is viewed as something to be hoarded for future catastrophes
Shows rigidity and stubornness
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder : Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Facts about Obsessive-Compulsive PD : Facts about Obsessive-Compulsive PD Prevalence: 1%
3-10%
Gender:
Associated w/: