ss353x

LATIN AMERICA : 

1 LATIN AMERICA Modern Latin America by Thomas Skidmore and Peter Smith eds. Latest edition Professor: Dr. Mine Doyran

INTRODUCTION : 

2 INTRODUCTION Why study Latin America? Critical raw materials U.S. national interest Immigration Lack of information Cultural diversity

WHAT TYPE OF A CONTINENT? : 

3 WHAT TYPE OF A CONTINENT? Continent with contradictions: Young and old Stable and unstable Dependent and Independent Wealthy and Poor

THEORIES OF LATIN AMERICA : 

4 THEORIES OF LATIN AMERICA Political Culture Theory Legacy of Roman Catholic Church and Spanish cultural traditions. Religion blocked social and political development Modernization Theory Optimistic account of social development Comparative Advantage theory of nations Trade is a win-win situation

THEORIES OF LATIN AMERICA : 

5 THEORIES OF LATIN AMERICA Dependency Theory Center-periphery model: Zero-sum game analysis of international trade Dependent Development Marxist-Social Class Analysis Immanuel Wallerstein: World System Theory Andre Gunder Frank: Dependency Theor

PRE-COLONIAL CIVILIZATIONS : 

6 PRE-COLONIAL CIVILIZATIONS Maya Meso-American civilization Southern Mexico, Yucatan Peninsula, Guatemala, Belize Tikal, Mayan writing, astronomy, calendar Aztec Meso-American civilization Militaristic, Extractive or Tribute Paying Empire Sun god, human sacrifice Inca South American civilization Andean mountains, Equator, Chile, Peru, Bolivia. Irrigation systems, terraced agriculture, textile, tunnels, bridges Cuzco-capital city Machu Picchu Mita labor

MAP OF MESO-AMERICA : 

7 MAP OF MESO-AMERICA

MAYAN CIVILIZATION : 

8 MAYAN CIVILIZATION

MAYAN CIVILIZATION : 

9 MAYAN CIVILIZATION

MAYAN CIVILIZATION : 

10 MAYAN CIVILIZATION Huaya Capac, ruler of the Mayans

INCA EMPIRE 1463-1532 : 

11 INCA EMPIRE 1463-1532 Cuzco, capital city of Inca Empire

FAMOUS SPANISH EXPLORERS : 

12 FAMOUS SPANISH EXPLORERS Christopher Columbus Italian origin-U.S. Hernan Cortes Mexico-Aztec civilization Francisco Pizarro Peru-Incan civilization

HOW DID SPAIN DEFEAT NATIVE CIVILIZATIONS? : 

13 HOW DID SPAIN DEFEAT NATIVE CIVILIZATIONS? How did Spain take over? Technology: Guns and weapons, better ships Economic power; ocean explorations Appealing to natives’ senses and traditions Divide and rule strategy Small pox Sheer force: Genocide and cultural assimilation Enforcing social, political and racial hierarchies

HOW DID SPAIN RULE IN THE COLONIES? : 

14 HOW DID SPAIN RULE IN THE COLONIES? Political Structure of Spanish Colonialism: Viceroyalties (Local Governors)‏ Council of Indies (Foreign Ministry of Spain)‏ Social and Class Structure of Spanish Colonialism: Creole elite (Spanish born in Latin America)‏ Peninsulares (Spanish born in Spain)‏

HOW DID SPAIN RULE IN THE COLONIES? : 

15 HOW DID SPAIN RULE IN THE COLONIES? Economic Structure of Spanish Colonialism: Theory of Mercantilism: Trade protectionism Two types of labor force (Slavery versus Haciendas)‏ Mita System: Slave labor in PeruRepartimientos: Slaver labor in Mexico Cultural Structure of Spanish Colonialism Encomiendas: Policy of Cultural Assimilation in Mexico.

DECLINE OF SPANISH RULE (1600-1750)‏ : 

16 DECLINE OF SPANISH RULE (1600-1750)‏ War of the Spanish Succession: 1700-1713 Britain versus Spain: Inter-imperialist rivalry British Victory: Right of Asiento Portuguese America: Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

ROOTS OF INDEPENDENCE: WHY DID THE COLONIES REVOLT? : 

17 ROOTS OF INDEPENDENCE: WHY DID THE COLONIES REVOLT? Spain introduced reforms to maintain its rule in the colonies and offset decline in Europe. Intra-Class/Elite Conflict: Creole elite versus Spanish royal family (Peninsulares)‏ Bourbon Monarchs of Spain: Charles III, Philip IV

SPANISH REFORMS : 

18 SPANISH REFORMS Viceroyalties: Buenos Aires of New Granada Intendants Cabildos (Town councils)‏ Secularism Colonial militias Decree of Free Trade Two Types of Colonial Resistance: Native resistance: Tupac Amaru Creole led independence movements

SPARKING EVENTS OF INDEPEDENCE : 

19 SPARKING EVENTS OF INDEPEDENCE Battle of Trafalgar: France & Spain versus Great Britain Free Trade: Argentina became self-sufficient Creole Patriots: Simon Bolivar: Venezuela Jose de Sen Martin: Peru Miguel Hidalgo: Mexico Morelos: Mexico (1813)‏ Dom Pedro: Brazil (1823)‏

Economic Transformation and Political Coalitions After Independence : 

20 Economic Transformation and Political Coalitions After Independence Phase I: Export-Import Growth (1880-1900)‏ Phase II: Expansion of Export-Import Growth (1900-1930)‏ Phase III: ISI: Import-Substitution Industrialization (1930-1960)‏ Phase IV: Stagnation in ISI (1960-1980)‏ Phase V: Transition to Democracy, Capitalism and Free Market Economy (1980-Present)‏

Phase I: Export-Import Growth (1880-1900) : 

21 Phase I: Export-Import Growth (1880-1900) Industrial Revolution reaches Latin America Modest Manufacturing Full Independence (political)‏ Increased exports to Europe FDI (Foreign Direct Investment)‏ European Doctrines (Laissez faire)‏ Racist perceptions of Latin America Political Structure: Oligarchic Democracy

Phase II: Expansion of Export-Import Growth (1900-1930)‏ : 

22 Phase II: Expansion of Export-Import Growth (1900-1930)‏ Some progress and prosperity Increased industrialization Slow growth of the middle class Slow growth of the working class; union activism (Alluvial Era)‏ Urbanization (development of cities)‏ Early signs of class conflict Political Structure: Co-optative Democracy

Phase III: Import Substitution Industrialization (1930-1960)‏ : 

23 Phase III: Import Substitution Industrialization (1930-1960)‏ External Determinant: Great Depression Domestic Impact of Great Depression Political Structure: Populist Authoritarian Military Regimes (Progressive) Latin America’s Response to Great Depression: Heavy Industrialization, Protectionism, ISI

Phase IV: Stagnation in ISI (1960-1980): : 

24 Phase IV: Stagnation in ISI (1960-1980): ISI policies stagnated and failed. Why? Political Structure: Bureaucratic Authoritarian Military Regimes (Conservative). Changing Political and Social Alliances

Phase V: Transition to Democracy, Capitalism, Free Market Economy (1980-Present)‏ : 

25 Phase V: Transition to Democracy, Capitalism, Free Market Economy (1980-Present)‏ Economic opening and financial liberalization: Washington Consensus: IMF-World Bank-U.S. directed neo liberal economic policies and structural adjustment programs End of military dictatorships; transition to multi-party democracy; free elections. Vicious cycle of debt crises: Mexican debt crisis of 1982; Argentine financial crisis of 1999-2001.

Phase V: Transition to Democracy, Capitalism, Free Market Economy (1980-Present)‏ : 

26 Phase V: Transition to Democracy, Capitalism, Free Market Economy (1980-Present)‏ Regional Free Trade Agreements: NAFTA (1994), North American Free Trade Agreement: United States, Mexico, Canada. DR-CAFTA (2004), Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement: United States; Costa Rica, El Salvador; Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic.

Phase V: Transition to Democracy, Capitalism, Free Market Economy (1980-Present)‏ : 

27 Phase V: Transition to Democracy, Capitalism, Free Market Economy (1980-Present)‏ AFTA (2002), Andean Free Trade Agreement: Modeled after the US-Central American trade pact (CAFTA). United States, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru CARICOM (Caribbean Community and Common Market (1973):15 members: Caribbean and West Indies, such as Trinidad, Granada, Barbados, Jamaica, Haiti, Guyana, Belize, etc. MERCOSUR (1991), Mercado Común del Sur: Southern Common Market. Includes Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay.

ARGENTINA (1980s-Present)‏ : 

28 ARGENTINA (1980s-Present)‏ 1960s-1983: Military dictatorships alternating with occasional democracy an civilian rule. 1976 Military Coup: Led to most dictatorial and conservative (right-wing) military rule in Argentina’s history (Military Regime Type: Bureaucratic Authoritarian)‏ Military led a campaign of Dirty War against leftist guerilla groups, labor unions, students, intellectuals, journalists, civil society groups, etc.

ARGENTINA (1980s-Present)‏ : 

29 ARGENTINA (1980s-Present)‏ 1983 end of military rule: 1) Defeat in Malvinas War (Malvinas=Falkland Islands); 2) Mounting economic problems (hyper-inflation and external debt)‏ Argentina’s President’s during Democracy: Raul Alfonsin (1983-1989): Radical Party (Radical Civic Union)‏ Carlos Menem (1989-1999): Right-wing of Peronista Party. Nestor Kirchner (2003-2007): Left-wing of Peronista Party Cristina Kirchner (2007)-Left-wing of Peronista Party

KEY POLICIES OF MENEM : 

30 KEY POLICIES OF MENEM Market-based, IMF/U.S/World Bank directed neo-liberal economic policies 1991: Peso-dollar fixed exchange rate system (also known as pegged exchange rate system); 1 peso=1 dollar Outcome of Menem’s Policies: Argentine Financial Crisis of 1999-2001: 1) Collapse of the banking system, 2) Government default on foreign debt, 3) Fiscal crisis and huge debt, 4) Social unrest, street demonstrations, riots.

CUBA: FIRST SOCIALIST STATE : 

31 CUBA: FIRST SOCIALIST STATE