Rome

Rome: Importance: 

Rome: Importance “successor” to Greece “carrier” of Greek civilization political model for later Europe measure of success for nations and individuals

Importance, con’t: 

Importance, con’t model for later monarchies model for later, mixed constitutions Great Britain, U.S., etc. model for most European legal systems model for the concept of citizenship

Roman History: 

Roman History The Regal Age: ca. 779-509 B.C. The Republic: 509-27 B.C. The Empire: 27 B.C.-1453 A.D. Early Empire: 27 B.C.-325 A.D. Later Empire: 325 A.D.-1453 A.D.

Location : 

Location Italy Tiber River between Etruscan and Greek cities part of the Latin League

Early history: 

Early history Indo-European entered Italy ca. 2000 B.C. settled south of the Tiber primitive institutions

The Kings: 

The Kings Seven kings Romulus historical kings? the Etruscan kings the last three

The Republic: 

The Republic revolution patricians (2-4%) and plebeians (96-98%) constitutional government influenced by Athens? the constitution of Cleisthenes?

Offices: 

Offices 2 consuls 2 praetors aediles quaestors dictator

Important institutions: 

Important institutions the assemblies the elective offices patron-client relationships The Twelve Tables

Struggle of the Orders: 

Struggle of the Orders struggle for political participation plebeian institutions: the tribunes the secessions the compromises no political violence until 133 B.C.

Roman Expansion: 

Roman Expansion conquest of Veii: Rome’s “Trojan War” gradual expansion for a century the Latin League extension of citizenship Romans, half-citizens, Latins, allies continuous expansion Celts, Samnites, etc.

Expansion, con’t: 

Expansion, con’t Etruscans Greeks Carthage ??? three Punic Wars 254, 220, 146 B.C. control of Western Mediterranean

Expansion, con’t: 

Expansion, con’t the Hellenistic Monarchies the Greek Federal Leagues lots of wars, Romans are dragged in...a lot Romans get tired of it control of most of the Med. basin by 100 B.C. but still essentially a city-state

Roman Religion: 

Roman Religion rustic Italian cults overlay of Greek religion Etruscan influences Romans as “pack rats”

Roman art: 

Roman art best we don’t even talk about that

Roman architecture: 

Roman architecture great skill engineers and architects roads, cities concrete

Roman Literature: 

Roman Literature copied from Greek models interests in rhetoric, law, and satire Stoic and Epicurean philosophy

The Late Republic: 133-27 B.C.: 

The Late Republic: 133-27 B.C. introduction of violence into domestic politics competition for status and recognition civil war

Important Figures: 

Important Figures Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus Marius and Sulla Pompey the Great, Marcus Crassus, Julius Caesar First Triumvirate Marc Antony, Marcus Lepidus, Octavian Caesar Second Triumvirate

Slide41: 

Gaius Marius

Slide42: 

Gaius Julius Caesar

Slide43: 

Pompey the Great

Slide44: 

Cicero

Slide45: 

Octavian Augustus

Slide46: 

Octavian as pontifex maximus

Slide47: 

Marc Antony

The Empire: 

The Empire unification of the Mediterranean basin and western Europe extended citizenship empire-wide commerce Roman law tolerance for local autonomy

The Julio-Claudians: 

The Julio-Claudians Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero

Changes: 

Changes reduction of political competition end to expansion reduction in the army further extension of citizenship

The Flavians: 

The Flavians Year of the Four Emperors (69 A.D.) Vespasian Titus Domitian

The Antonines: the Good Emperors: 

The Antonines: the Good Emperors Edward Gibbon the height of the Empire the culmination of the pax Romana succession by adoption of the most competent

The Good Emperors: 

The Good Emperors Nerva Trajan strong military leader Hadrian excellent administrator Hellenophile Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius the embodiment of the philosopher king

The Rise of Christianity: 

The Rise of Christianity Jesus of Nazareth teacher, prophet, revolutionary the Jesus Movement Paul of Tarsus cultural mixture: Jewish and Greek founder of Christianity

Rise of Christianity, con’t: 

Rise of Christianity, con’t disappearance of Jewish followers: 70 A.D. growth of the Pauline church the poor, women, children, slaves no success among men, the educated, etc. benefits of Roman infrastructure and the pax Romana

Roman suspicion: 

Roman suspicion the First Jewish War “eastern religion” corrupted the mos maiorum that is, “traditional family values” rumors of orgies and cannibalism Second Jewish War Trajan’s Rescript

The Crisis of the Third Century: 

The Crisis of the Third Century End of the practice of adoption The Severian Emperors the army as a social class abandonment of the Augustan constitution collapse of the senate and other organs of state collapse of the civil adminstration

Crisis, con’t: 

Crisis, con’t collapse of society breakdown of social classes collapse of the economy collapse of trade and coinage barbarian invasions civil wars Thirty emperors The Danubian emperors (soldiers)

Crisis, con’t: 

Crisis, con’t Aurelian - restituor orbis Decius - persecutions of those who corrupt traditional family values Diocletian

Diocletian and Reform: 

Diocletian and Reform The Tetrarchy The Annona The Edict of Maximum Prices The “new provinces” The “eastern frontiers” The “new capitals” The “persecutions” Edict of Toleration, 311

Constantine: 

Constantine The divided empire, united The Battle of the Milvian Bridge The “conversion of Constantine” The Edict of Milan - 314 The First Ecumenical Council The New Capital Constantinople

Books for you to read: 

Books for you to read H.H. Scullard and M. Cary. A History of Rome to 325 J.B. Bury. The Later Roman Empire A.H.M. Jones. The Later Empire J.J. Norwich. A Short History of Byzantium E. Gruen. The Last Generation of the Roman Republic Michael Crawford. The Roman Republic Colin Wells. The Roman Empire Averil Cameron. The Later Roman Empire

More Books: 

More Books M. Gelzer. Caesar C. Meier. Caesar A. Everitt. Augustus E. Gruen. Diaspora: Jews among the Greeks and Romans W.G. Kummel. Introduction to the New Testament Keith F. Nickle. The Synoptic Gospels

And more books….: 

And more books…. Joel Carmichael. The Birth of Christianity A. Schweitzer. The Quest for the Historical Jesus W. Barnes Tatum. The Quest for Jesus M. Grant. Jesus: An Historians Review of the Gospels M. Grant. The Jews in the Roman World M. Grant. St. Paul E.P. Sanders. The Historical Figure of Jesus Paula Fredrickson. Jesus of Nazareth King of the Jews

More….: 

More…. Bart Ehrman. Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millenium Geza Vermes. Jesus the Jew L. Michael White. From Jesus to Christianity S.G.F. Brandon. The Trial of Jesus of Nazareth Hyam Maccoby. Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity Morton Smith. Jesus the Magician

And yet more…: 

And yet more… www.etsu.edu/cas/history/religionsbib.htm R. Helms. Gospel Fictions R. Helms. Who Wrote the Gospels H.Y. Gamble. The Canon of the New Testament D.A. Carson. The King James Debate: A plea for realism