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Lecture 29 Rise of Science in the 17th and 18th Century: 

Lecture 29 Rise of Science in the 17th and 18th Century The scientific revolution in this period was responsible for advances from supernaturalism to secularism, from theology to science, from hope of heaven and fears of hell to plans for the enlargement of knowledge and the improvement of human life New systems of Philosophy and Experimental Science (Will and Ariel Durant, The story of civilization)

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Fusion of theoretical and applied sciences Development of new scientific instruments: barometer, air pump, sextant Technology allowed humans to move outside visual world Astronomy via the telescope invented by Jannssen, a Dutch spectacle maker in 1590 Discoveries in the heavens by Galilei Galileo (1564-1642) Biology via the microscope Science became an important force in Western Civilization Science Societies: Royal Society of London founded 1662 17th Century Beginnings

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Francis Bacon 1561-1626 (English) Thomas Hobbes 1588 -1679 (English) Baruch Spinoza 1632-1677 (Dutch) Rene Descartes 1596-1650 (French) Isaac Newton 1642-1727 (English) Gottfried Leibnitz 1647-1716 (German)

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Robert Hooke (1634-1703) English experimental physicist with wide interest in science Motion of heavenly bodies regarded as a problem, discovers universal gravitation, feuds with Newton. Examines a wide range of materials with microscope Discovers the cell. Recognizes that plant tissues are “all perforated and porous, much like a honeycomb” Gave the name cells to these pores, Referred to cell walls as interstitia, but not considered a constituent part of the cell. “for in several of these vegetables whilst green, I have with my microscope plainly enough discovered these cells filled with juices, and by degrees sweating them out.” Publishes results in Micrographia (1665) Microscopy

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The Anatomy of Plants 1682

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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) Dutch microscopist; Father of Scientific Microscopy Constructs 400 microscopes, bequests 26 to Royal Society of London Refers to animacules (little animals) Extended Malphighi’s demonstration of blood capillaries, later describe blood corpuscles. Life cycle of aphids Stem structures in monocots and dicots Polyembryony in citrus Male spermatozoa First drawing of bacteria

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Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694)

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Marcello Malphighi (1629-1684) Italian physician, anatomist, physiologist, microscopist. First to utilize microscope to study animal and plant structure and histology (tissues structure) Layers of tissues in leaves and young shoots found to be continuous with those of the main stem Distinguishes fibers, tubes and other constituents of wood First to understand the food function of leaves Observes stomata, nodules in legume roots Relates ovule to seed and carpel to fruit Plant Anatomy

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Nehemiah Grew (1641-1712)

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Nehemiah Grew (1642-1712) English physician, anatomist, and physiologist Co-founder of plant anatomy with Malphighi Secretary of Royal Society of London Compares plant and animal tissue in essay before Royal Society (1671, 1672, 1674) Tissue histology, describes parenchyma Note that pollen is bee-bread Observes scatted vascular bundles in monocots. Resin ducts in pine Extracts chlorophyll using oil as a solvent

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Joseph Pitton de Tourneford (1656-1708) suggests flowers and fruits as basis of classification, although he failed to understand sexuality in plants, began study of plant systematics beyond genera. Plant Classification

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Rudolph Camerarius (1665-1721) Professor Botanic Gardens at Tübingen, 1688 Through study of dioecious and monoecious plants explains function of pollen and egg; considered apices with pollen as male, first modern understanding of plant sexuality

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Babylonian pollinating date palm

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Carolus Linnaeus (Carl Von Linne) 1707-1778 Swedish botanist and physicians Curator of the gardens of the University of Lund at age 23 Traveled in Lapland, Holland, England and France 1741 Head of Botany of the University of Upsula. Father of Taxonomy.

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Established groups of organism that depended upon structural or morphological similarities and differences. Basic taxonomic criteria for groupings were based on morphology of reproductive parts, parts least apt to be influenced by environment. However, his system was artificial and is not longer being used; depended on no. of stamens and carpels as a method of grouping plants. Credited with establishment of binomial nomenclature. Systema Naturae 1735, Fundamenta Botanica 1736 Genera Plantarum 1737, Classes Plantarum 1738, Philosophia Botanica 1751 Named more than 1300 different plants (and as many or more animals); many names still used.

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Joseph Gottlieb Koelreuter (1733-1806) First systematic experiments on plant hybridization using tobacco (Nicotiana paniculata × N. rustica) He demonstrated that hybrids resemble both parents. Experimentally verified the genetic contribution of pollen First observed hybrid vigor (heterosis) Hybridizing

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Joachim Jung (1587-1657) argued that plants have no soul; studies absorption by roots M. Malphighi and N. Grew, established leaves as producers of food Plant Physiology J. B. van Helmont (1527-1644) Infamous experiments with wrong conclusions. Assumes carbon fixation from air and oxygen and hydrogen from water.

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Stephen Hales (1671-1761) English physician, chemist, inventor, and country vicar Studies physiology on foundation of Grew’s anatomical work First to use quantitative results: studies movement of sap, root pressure, transpiration, flow of nutrients by girdling Contended plants draw some parts of the nourishment form air and that leaves absorb light Statical Essays, Vegetable Staticks (1727)

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Source: Hales, Vegetable Staticks, 1727. Experiments, to find out the force with which Trees imbibe moisture

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Joseph Priestly (1733-1804) proved that oxygen (defloristiginated air) is produced by plants Discovers photosynthesis and respiration

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Hans Sloan (1660-1750) Collected 800 species from West Indies. James Cunningham, sent to China in 1698 to investigate flora George Eberhard Rumph (Rumphius) 1628-1702, known as “Pliny of the Indies,” explores Moluccas, describes 1700 species, stationed on small island of Amboina Herbarium Amboinense 1741-1755 Era of Botanical Exploration

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Sir Joseph Banks (1743-1820) Wealthy English landowner President Royal Society for 42 years; dictator of English Botany Explored Newfoundland, Brazil, New Zealand, and Australia. Plant explorer sailing with Captain Cook in the Endeavor at age of 25. Unpaid director of Kew Gardens. Considered greatest Englishman of his time by foreign scientists