Introduction 2006 first slides

Introduction to Development Studies : 

Introduction to Development Studies Jaro Julkunen Mondays Lecture Hall XV at 10-12 (except Mo 9.10. Lecture Hall XIV at 14-16) Thursdays Lecture Hall XIV at 12-14

Development Studies: 

Development Studies research field examining problems in the developing countries comparative focus on international development of human societies multi-discliplinary social science: primary normative object on social, political and economic issues research interest of the post-WWII world (Cold War) motivated by underdevelopment in the decolonizing Third World knowledge to guide development interventions, later problematizing also the intervention itself c.f. research on less developed regions (sociology & economy)

Course Description : 

Course Description Basic information is provided on the situation of the developing countries in an international context, from the perspectives of social and political development. Central theories and explanatory models referring to the international development problem are also presented. No prerequisite studies are presumed.

Course Schedule: 

Course Schedule 7.9. Conceptualization of International Development 11.9. Geographies and Actors of Development 14.9. Comparative Historical Modernization 18.9. Structural Functionalist Modernization 21.9. Welfare State Reformism 25.9. Dependencia, Marxism and World Systems 28.10. Basic Needs and Alternative Development 2.10. Green and Feminist Development 5.10. Anti-Development 9.10. Conclusion

Social Development Postulate: 

Social Development Postulate We evaluate that certain social, economic and political conditions and systems are more developed than others.

Dimensions of Development: 

Dimensions of Development 1. indicators and symbols of development 2. causal relationships, rules and methods constituting knowledge 3. historical context 4. political agenda-setting

Conceptual Surroundings of Development: 

Conceptual Surroundings of Development Synonym/hyponym for change - usually considered as a positive change, beneficial alteration, achievement of a better (material) life - (but also cancer develops) Development derives from the word of uncovering or unfolding (old French: des-envolupper) Kehitys/utveckling/entwicklung/evolution derive from the image of the opening circle

The Conceptual Schema : 

The Conceptual Schema goal path source

Other parallel concepts: 

Other parallel concepts progress, advancement, growth Progress derives from the idea of moving on, advancing (Lat. pro gredi, c.f. advancement) Progress has a connotation of structural changes which are based on superindividual factors Development is more consciously accomplished change Metaphor of organic growth is a prototype of cyclic development (linear growth omits the decline)

Counterconcepts: 

Counterconcepts Opposite of change: unchangeability, undevelopment and stagnation Change, but to wrong direction: decay, degeneration, atrophy, decline, regression, retrogradiation and recession Insufficient degree of change: underdevelopment Diachronic distance from the significant center: primitiveness Synchronic distance from the significant center: backwardness

Structure of the Concept : 

Structure of the Concept a) Source - progress: transhistorical, consciously exogene (unintentional), 'natural' - development: human, consciously endogene (intentional), 'cultural' b) Path - directionality: linear/cyclic, progression/regression - cumulativity: knowledge of previous generations as a basis of development/ alienation as a basis of decline - irreversebility c) Goal - certain social system (homogenisation/pluralisation) - growth of virtues (happiness, freedom, equality, responsibility) - perfection

Basis on Comparison: 

Basis on Comparison

Dimensions of Development: 

Dimensions of Development 1. indicators and symbols of development 2. causal relationships, rules and methods constituting knowledge 3. historical context 4. political agenda-setting

1. Historical Context: 

1. Historical Context Development makes sense only in the realization of history is not, however, reduced to history is more abstract and theoretical than history (past, history, development) is manifested in histories (plural) is considered as a reaction to problems

Historical context Narratives of Development : 

Historical context Narratives of Development

2. Epistemology of Development: 

2. Epistemology of Development Construction of a general theory/ Study of a particular case Understanding the integration of facts and values Methodological realism/ relativism Moral realism/ relativism

2. Causality of Development: 

2. Causality of Development Physical Environment Climate Resources Communication Social Environment Social systems and their mechanisms Heredity Intelligence

3. Components and Indicators (examples): 

3. Components and Indicators (examples) Health Economic resources Education Social integration Housing Security Recreation Political resources - physical abilites, illnesses,doctor income, wealth, property years of education attachments and contacts space, nr of persons/room exposure of violence/theft leisure pursuits, theatres voting, memberships

4. Political Agenda-Setting: 

4. Political Agenda-Setting different definitions and focuses highlight different evaluations, which privilege particular political interests or cultural preferences and set particular policy implications and future projects

Making of the Present World of Development: 

Making of the Present World of Development Development thinking is a general phenomenon, but developmentalism was formed in certain conditions Distinctively Western Western roots? Narratives of decline But, Renaissance, Reformation, Explorations

Development theories: 

Development theories development theories arise to explain the changing Western societies 'unchanging' non-Western societies were used as comparative resources in explaining modernity

Modernization: 

Modernization 1) development is inherent in society - from the dichotomy order/change to order-in-change 2) development is dimensional - it tends to proceed towards the modern state along a common linear path 3) making of the division traditional/modern 4) development appears as growth and often proceeds as necessary stages 5) economic, social and political changes are integrated and interdependent 6) the progress od underdeveloped countries can be accelerated through contact with developed ones

Developmentalism: 

Developmentalism The West has the ability and the responsibility to promote development in the underdeveloped areas Premises for the Western developmentalist thought - technology - socio-economic changes - religious disruptions - rise of individualism - breaking-up of the idea of future Religion of modernity (Rist) - secularisation - social beliefs (human rights, development, knowledge)

Developmentalist Ideas : 

Developmentalist Ideas The Enlightenment rationalization, civilization, liberation, freedom, truth Positivism universalism, division of ethics out of knowledge Economic Thought capitalism, industrialism Cultural and Social Evolutionism comparison of one society (internal natural laws) polymorphism, survival of the fittest, general history Diffusionism influence analysis (natural laws in the spread of winning phenomena) cultural contacts Imperialism

Imperialism: 

Imperialism The enlargement of the international power of the government to be as great as possible Imperialism as the reason for colonialist policies and practices

Motives for Imperialism: 

Motives for Imperialism commercial, economic interests - natural resources, markets, dead end of capitalist national space interests of social policy - poor, outcasts and prisoners interests of power politics - European hegemonic struggle, formation of a social order sociopsychological interests - preservation of social structure by warrior aristocracy (devil and elite theories) ideological interests - evangelization, civilization philantrophy, solidarity, matter of duty

Critiques of Imperialism: 

Critiques of Imperialism Liberalist critique: bias and malfunction in a capitalist system, protectionist operation against free trade, cause of huge warfare and administrative costs, cause of monopolization Marxist critique: interest of capitalists (allow extra time for capitalist phase) Nationalist critique: political focus on wrong direction Cultural critique: change of justified social conditions, cultural and political integrity

The Idea of Imperial/International Control: 

The Idea of Imperial/International Control trusteeship: ’property to be placed in the hands of trustees who would be chosen on the basis of their capacity to decide where and how society’s resources should be invested’ education: civilization social system: primary health care

International Economic Development: 

International Economic Development starting-point: global economic imbalance moral interest: responsibilities and rights of both the rich and the poor focus: problem-solving quarters and mechanisms, availability of growth factors and access to them

Postwar Global System: 

Postwar Global System Realization of the international underdevelopment problem focus change: civilization > economic growth hegemonic change in the international politics Ideological outlinings of the world system Western Liberal Democracy Doctrine Socialist Revolutionary Doctrine Non-alignment Doctrine

Postwar Developmentalist Actors: 

Postwar Developmentalist Actors States International Economic Communities Bretton Woods Institutions Non-Governmental Organizations Multi-National Corporations

Bretton Woods Institutions: 

Bretton Woods Institutions World Bank International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Trade Organization (ITO)/ General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)/ World Trade Organization (WTO) United Nations (UN)

Western Liberal Democracy Doctrine: 

Western Liberal Democracy Doctrine reconstruction of distroyed economies and formation of new ones (Marshall Plan, UN, Bretton Woods) abstaining of totalitarism (communism, national socialism) building of better life standards to underdeveloped countries with technical and economic knowledge adapting social development assistance from closed colonial system to open international context New active US foreign policy (Truman doctrine) End of Ideology

Third World: 

Third World bringing off of the bipolar world from the perspective of global power structure forming of a political coalition between underdeveloped countries in order to gain self-sufficiency ending condemnation of (neo-)colonialism, growing interest on issues of global economy introduction of the term Third World as a symbol of these common objectives Bandung Conference 1955 Non-Aligned Movement/Beograd 1961 no unifying elements (political, economic, religious)

Categorization of the World: 

Categorization of the World Encapsulating the world in categories is the only way for understanding it Every framework is an abstraction which serves the accessibility of the complex reality is partial and not fair for the complex reality

Groupings of the World (part I): 

Groupings of the World (part I) 1) One World one global system harmonious under tension 2) Two Worlds global system as bivaricate center/periphery, North/South, developed/developing, East/West, episteme/techne, modern/traditional, rich/poor, Orient/Occident, Jihad/McWorld geographically locatable or structurally divising 3) Three Worlds Cold War political division with two superpowers and the non-aligned center/semiperiphery/periphery planned (undeveloped) economy / transition economy / free (developed) market

Groupings of the World (part II): 

Groupings of the World (part II) 4) Civilizations (over 5, under 10) culturally segmented world system 5) About 180 States states the only important actors in world affairs 6) Chaos breakdown of governmental rule, anarchy, disrupting and failing states, undemocratic power systems

Visualization of Global Space: 

Visualization of Global Space Developmental structuring of the globe according to the paradigm Recycling of imagination to new theoretical contexts time into space civilizational geopolitics search for cultural origins (source-path-goal) Development discourse in maps

Modernization Theories: 

Modernization Theories base on theories of development economics ideal of studying societal phenomena according to methodologies similar to natural sciences Comparative historical modernization theories Functionalist and macrobehaviorist modernization theories

Comparative historical modernization theories: 

Comparative historical modernization theories identification of universal developmental phases generality in particular processes of change aim at combining versatile factors of explanation (economic, psychological, political etc.) criticized of the speculativity – theoretical basis not convincing empiricists Cyril E. Black, S.N. Eisenstadt, Seymor Martin Lipset, Barrington Moore jr. Example: Walter W. Rostow: Stages of Economic Growth (1960)

Walter W. Rostow: Stages of Economic Growth (1960): 

Walter W. Rostow: Stages of Economic Growth (1960) macroeconomic theory to direct investment in order to increase per capita income problem of relating economic to social and political forces how the West had become advanced while other areas of the world had not a non-communist manifesto: idealist theory to challenge Marx

Walter W. Rostow: Stages of Economic Growth (1960): 

Walter W. Rostow: Stages of Economic Growth (1960) First Stage: Traditional society static society fatalist worldview (life, environment) person-depended power structures (kinship relations) societal resources in agriculture undeveloped sciences and technologies (Newton as a symbol) no directional changes in life standards

Walter W. Rostow: Stages of Economic Growth (1960): 

Walter W. Rostow: Stages of Economic Growth (1960) Second Stage: Preconditions for take-off a) freeborn model - internal stimuli - cultural heterogeneity - no restricting feudal/imperial system - no threat from outside - created mainly out of Britain - natural, rapid climb to modernity because of the set of ideas of individualism, democracy and economic opportuniyty b) basic model - threat of expansion of more developed countries - traditional order under challenging pressure

Walter W. Rostow: Stages of Economic Growth (1960): 

Walter W. Rostow: Stages of Economic Growth (1960) Second Stage: Preconditions for take-off social understanding for the need of continuous growth and actualisation of scientific innovations rise of new virtues and aims national prestige higher economic gains general welfare better life standards for new generations rise of capable entrepreneurship rise of investments, especially on transport and means of conveyance

Walter W. Rostow: Stages of Economic Growth (1960): 

Walter W. Rostow: Stages of Economic Growth (1960) Second Stage: Preconditions for take-off social framework still limited importance of the state sector (nation-state cooperatives contra traditional rule) continuous economic growth not a normal state yet (promoters still a minority) industry not wide enough to satisfy the needs of balanced foreign trade demonstrational effect: promotion of modernisation with professional and political coalitions

Walter W. Rostow: Stages of Economic Growth (1960): 

Walter W. Rostow: Stages of Economic Growth (1960) Third Stage: Take-Off dividing line (decade or two) forming a modern society usually a clear stimulus in which the society responds by turning into ideas of modernisation political power to forces that promote continuous economic growth economic growth becomes a normal state and there are no obstacles for it even though the industrial base still narrow

Walter W. Rostow: Stages of Economic Growth (1960): 

Walter W. Rostow: Stages of Economic Growth (1960) Third Stage: Take-Off industry based on natural resources takes the lead (harpoon) new branches of industry are expanding rapidly profits are used to establish new production plants demand for industrial working power > urbanization and commercialization of agriculture birth rates begin to decline

Walter W. Rostow: Stages of Economic Growth (1960): 

Walter W. Rostow: Stages of Economic Growth (1960) Fourth Stage: Maturing 40-60+ years period of growth expanding to every economic sector profits rise faster than population grows 10-20% of national product can be invested mechanism of production developes with new branches of industry that overtake the old ones which are losing their importance

Walter W. Rostow: Stages of Economic Growth (1960): 

Walter W. Rostow: Stages of Economic Growth (1960) Fourth Stage: Maturing production of commodities that were imported earlier, new import needs and export products technical processes more sophisticated (rise of degree of processing) national economy capable of capitalizing modern technology in most of its investments dependence on foreign trade links is dictated by economic calculations and political priorities, not by technical and institutional necessities

Walter W. Rostow: Stages of Economic Growth (1960): 

Walter W. Rostow: Stages of Economic Growth (1960) Fifth Stage: Mass Consumption Society sectors of consumer durables and service take the lead real income rises so that most of the people are able to consume also other products than the necessary official employees to a central part in the structure of working power

Walter W. Rostow: Stages of Economic Growth (1960): 

Walter W. Rostow: Stages of Economic Growth (1960) Fifth Stage: Mass Consumption Society technical development starts to lose the prima facie value continuous growth of state institutions’ investments on social welfare and security purposes crystallizing in a welfare society

Structural Modernization: 

Structural Modernization Structural Functionalism research focus: functions of (parts of) social structures from the viewpoint of compound system functionality [meaningful and non-meaningful structures] naturally and unobstructed functioning society is a stabile totality where different sectors dependend from each other counterpoint for evolutionist economics

Structural Modernization: 

Structural Modernization needs met by structures that are institutionalizations of natural functions adequacy of methods of dealing with environment society’s adaptive capacity (internal/external) differentiation, specialization, division to better performance of society’s primary function

Structural Modernization: 

Structural Modernization Structural Functionalism combination of naturalism and rationalism both primitive and developed social systems were seen as functional (organizations) change is an effort to eliminate social dysfunctions Talcott Parsons, Marion Levy, Gabriel Almond, David Apter, Fred Riggs

Structural Moderniztion: 

Structural Moderniztion Modernization spread effects sociospatial organization: social mobility, flexibility, urbanization, education political organization: democracy, weakening of traditional power structures cultural organization: secularization, differentiation (cultural/value systems) psychological organization: innovative personalities, need for achievement

Structural Modernization: 

Structural Modernization Psychocultural theories (macro-behaviorism) research focus: behavioral grounds for a dynamic state (variable relations), social and political processes correlations and causal explanations universality of modernization Everett Hagen, Daniel Lerner, Alex Inkeles

Daniel Lerner (1958): The Passing of Traditional Society: 

Daniel Lerner (1958): The Passing of Traditional Society objective 1: developing of methodologies for studies on phenomena of social psychology in modernization process objective 2: presenting of primary characteristics of modern state and the processual nature of modernization

Daniel Lerner (1958): The Passing of Traditional Society: 

Daniel Lerner (1958): The Passing of Traditional Society Characteristics of a modern state urbanisation (population living in >50000 towns percentage of total population) literacy (percentage of literates of total population) voting (voter percentage of total population in national elections) media participation (percentage of tot.pop. of those buying newspapers, owning radios, going to movies)

Daniel Lerner (1958): The Passing of Traditional Society: 

Daniel Lerner (1958): The Passing of Traditional Society Correlations: for example literacy/media participation Causal explanation: the literacy rate rocketed after urbanisation rate exceeded 10% → media participation → other participatory institutions (especially voting)

Daniel Lerner (1958): The Passing of Traditional Society: 

Daniel Lerner (1958): The Passing of Traditional Society Modernization process modern society is dynamic and participatory the process towards modernization is unilinear, stages follow each other with autonomic historical logic of same mechanisms the moving forces of modernization process are urbanization and new information (orbit of desire and horizons of expectations) modernizing individuals and institutions are in a strong system relationship of dependency

Daniel Lerner (1958): The Passing of Traditional Society: 

Daniel Lerner (1958): The Passing of Traditional Society Modernization process life style: non-participation → participatory personality: static → mobile emotional identification: unability → empathy identity structure: static → dynamic

Karl W. Deutsch (1961): Social Mobilization and Political Development: 

Karl W. Deutsch (1961): Social Mobilization and Political Development Modern nationality is constructed from a double process of social mobilization and cultural assimilation Nation building is a balancing of these processes

Karl W. Deutsch (1961): Social Mobilization and Political Development: 

Karl W. Deutsch (1961): Social Mobilization and Political Development Social mobilization social, economic and technological development makes people leave their traditional agrarian environments to be mobilized for more intensive communication process by which old commitments are eroded or broken and people become available for new patterns of behaviour

Karl W. Deutsch (1961): Social Mobilization and Political Development: 

Karl W. Deutsch (1961): Social Mobilization and Political Development Cultural assimilation information given in the modernization process is accepted and thus orientation towards change prevails over traditional group affliations (melting pot to modernity, not cultural mosaic)

Reasons for failings of modernization : 

Reasons for failings of modernization Lerner (1958): when an occational sector (for example urbanisation) grows without mutual growth of other sectors, the result is unfavourable imbalance of modernization modernization is both technical process but especially a change of ideology and a way of life (the mental change spreads over a long period) Deutsch (1961) imbalance of the double process (lack of cultural assimilation → reactive ethnic nationalism)

Samuel P. Huntington (1968): Political Order in Changing Societies: 

Samuel P. Huntington (1968): Political Order in Changing Societies research questions: what makes the collapse of social/political development? why changes tend not to go like modernization theories predict? where revolutions come from and why?

Samuel P. Huntington (1968): Political Order in Changing Societies: 

Samuel P. Huntington (1968): Political Order in Changing Societies Comparative study of revolutions Starting-point the poorest countries were relatively stable, but those a countries having bit of affluence were explosive Argument → the reason for revolutions was not on poverty but on the imbalanced modernization process

Samuel P. Huntington (1968): Political Order in Changing Societies: 

Samuel P. Huntington (1968): Political Order in Changing Societies Reasoning (causality) - social mobilization brings on activity and horizons of expectations - incapable government can not take advantage of the increased activity - activity and expectations turn into a radicalizing opposition - the relatively strong inequality of economic growth that is connected the first stages of modernization amplifies the reactions (atmosphere of instability)

Samuel P. Huntington (1968): Political Order in Changing Societies: 

Samuel P. Huntington (1968): Political Order in Changing Societies Political circumstances after social mobilization depends on the rate of institutionalization: closely institutionalized politics connects the ’new citizens’ to existing sectors of activity → strong civil society Civil society can be democratic or totalitarian Revolutions rise from frustrated alienation of middle-class (most expectations, knowledge-based opposition towards status quo)

Samuel P. Huntington (1968): Political Order in Changing Societies: 

Samuel P. Huntington (1968): Political Order in Changing Societies social mobilization 1.———————— = social frustration economic development social frustration 2.———————— = political participation mobility possibitilies political participation 3. ———————— = political instability political institutionalization

Growing Inequality: 

Growing Inequality Liberalist Modernization in the first stages of modernization, the forerunners get rich then the wealth starts to trickle down to the whole society Critique what if the increase of inequalities is cumulative, not a phase?

Cumulative Causation: 

Cumulative Causation economic development is a process of circular and cumulative causation which tends to award its favours to those who are already well endowed and even to thwart the efforts of those who happen to live in regions that are lagging behind (Myrdal) variables interlocked the secondary changes support the first change once triggered by a change the growth process is cumulative

Cumulativity of growth: 

Cumulativity of growth

Cumulative causation: 

Cumulative causation Spread effect: growth in one region promotes growth in another region Backwash effect: one region expands at the expense of another region movement of capital is negative and the region becomes poorer (backwash effect is stronger than spread or trickle down effect)

Backwash Analysis: 

Backwash Analysis A new dynamic branch of industry absorbs resources from other sectors of production and from geographic peripheries (cf. Rostow’s harpoon effect) This dynamic branch makes money, but the wealth spills abroad (to industrialized countries)

Backwash Analysis: 

Backwash Analysis Universal direction of capital stream (inferior→dominant, periphery→centre, underprivileged→privileged, poor→rich) The trading instruments of a poor country become all along more unfavourable

The Vicious Circle of Poverty: 

The Vicious Circle of Poverty

Welfare State Reformism: 

Welfare State Reformism Welfare state as a response to modernization Causes of underdevelopment in evil social environment (not in evil individuals) Welfare policies motivated by altruism and solidarity Belief in social engineering, democratic social reform and state interventionism Development as social insurance Folkhemmet Sverige

Keynesian causality: 

Keynesian causality Unemployment makes people passive Poverty is caused by economic passivity and failings of production (cf. Liberalism: heavy and inflexible government machinery) Markets fail → active economic policy by state

Tools to eradicate poverty: 

Tools to eradicate poverty Public assistance as an activity injection Social policy a national tool, development aid an international tool Public assistance enables consumption (the main method to eradicate poverty) Mobilization of the poor to promote economic growth with state intervention Economic and social equalization by redistribution: "the richest 90% support the poorest 90%"

International social policy: 

International social policy global security economic efficiency equality solidarity human rights in form of basic needs

International social policy: 

International social policy Development cooperation, technical aid International agreement system, guidelines and organizations of surveillance (ILO, WHO, FAO, UN et al.) Objectives: protection of labour force, promotion of peace and mutual understanding, removal of biases in international economy

Dependency: 

Dependency UN Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA/CEPAL) promoting economic growth ECLA manifesto 1950 explanation for underdevelopment a) laissez faire economic policies biased export orientation underdeveloped internal market network weak governmental control of economy b) structure of the world trade system factors of economic problems beyond the reach of local governments no local instruments for preventing economic threats (depression) preconditions for economic growth are not universal realisation of the separate economic regularities of the industrialized countries and the underdeveloped countries realisation of the geography of poverty

Global Structures: 

Global Structures Economic development of a state in terms of the external influences Subjection of a certain economy by the expansion of another economy External forces are determining the economic activities within a dependent state Global inequality becomes deeper, because the international interaction intensifies the existing patterns → Global division of labour: poverty and underdevelopment to the global proletariat Division is fixed (no historical changes)

Constructed Underdevelopment : 

Constructed Underdevelopment Underdevelopment (decline) not an original condition, but a product of Capitalism and economic imperialism (underdeveloped ≠ behind) was brought about by external reasons, namely the mechanisms of Capitalism is another side of the coin: development of the industrialised countries is made of the underdevelopment of the rest Andre Gunder Frank: Europe did not discover the underdeveloped countries, it created them the more natural resources for exploitation a region had when the capitalist system unrolled, the poorer and more underdeveloped it is today

Centre and Periphery: 

Centre and Periphery Capitalism produces inevitably a divided class society, which expands to global scale Vulgar dependecia: global geographic centre and periphery Structural dependecia: centre has its foothold on regionally peripheric areas Common characters of the periphery (Samir Amin): domination of agrarian capitalism local merchant bourgoisie controlling foreign capital bureucratic social system controlled by urban bourgoisie a vast proletarian class of poor peasants, marginally empowered workers, and unemployed urban dwellers

Indicators of Poverty Eradication: 

Indicators of Poverty Eradication The tools that were used in the centre can not be used in the periphery Emphasis on the economic activity that benefits the whole population 1. Moderate social indicators: education, life expectancy, health care, infant mortality etc. 2. Marxist/Maoist indicators: GDP, money flows

1. Moderate Dependencia: Keynesian Reforms: 

1. Moderate Dependencia: Keynesian Reforms state control to economy allowing of protectionist instruments for periphery and demolition of those of industrialised countries creating needs for Latin American, African and Asian internal markets for gaining self-reliancy emphasis on broadly-based industrialisation, regulation and dismantling of traditional landowning conditions ending of imitation of Western models (economy, sciences, arts) Raúl Prebish (ECLA), Gunnar Myrdal

2. Radical Dependencia:Marxist Solutions: 

2. Radical Dependencia: Marxist Solutions Marxist stages of development Imperialism as the last phase of Capitalism Governments take whatever steps are necessary to protect their/private economic interests Lenin: Imperialist exploitation allows affluence for developed world workers (peace at home) Solutions: International commitment to communism by the truly immiserated proletariat of the underdeveloped countries Revolution of the world trade structure

Maoist Dependency: 

Maoist Dependency Peasants become more important for the world revolution than the intellectuals or urban workers The concept of class as an attribute of nations: capitalist Finland, proletarian China Power is taken from the capitalist countries by cutting off the supply of cheap labour and resources → de-linking (Amin)

Application of the dependency argument: Case of Tanzania: 

Application of the dependency argument: Case of Tanzania independency and establishing of a federal sate of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, Tanzania (early 1960’s) Arusha Declaration 1967: self-reliance and African socialism cutting off of the economic dependency by accession to the Third World (especially China) socialization of banks and important companies cultural revolution 1969 outlawing imitations of the European culture shrinking confidence on economic and political collaboration (growing apart from Pan-African, East African and finally Third World linkages) → isolation change of politics 1985: acceptance of the WB/IMF structural adjustment demands, abandonment of the orthodox African socialism

World-System Theory (WST): 

World-System Theory (WST) a macrosociological theory of international dependence (Marxist theories, Annales school of historical research, emphasis on economy) developing unit: world as an organism research interest: origins and dynamics of the capitalist world economy as a total social system, ongoing transition to socialism model of explanation: historical stages of development, but different than those of modernisation theory criticism to modernisation theory: nation-state level, single path evolution, ahistorical research, Immanuel Wallerstein

World Systems: 

World Systems 1. Mini Systems in hunter and gathering or extremely simple agricultural societies complete division of labor single, uniform cultural framework kinship as a structuring factor exchange economy (barter)

World Systems: 

World Systems 2. World Empires universal homogenization of division of labor payment of tribute as ’protection cost’ (mini system → part of world empire) politically united systems examples: Rome, Egypt, China

World Systems: 

World Systems 3. World Economies the present capitalist system is the first world economy plurality of political systems support the world economy production mainly for markets

Core/ Semiperiphery /Periphery: 

Core/ Semiperiphery /Periphery World economy develops a flourishing core For its economic expansion the core needs surplus from the peripheries Semiperiphery a buffer zone that deflects the revolutionary activity of peripheries although world class struggle do not operate within state boundaries, semiperipheries are states Class interests are clearer in the peripheries → revolution has to come from the peripheries Semiperipheral state is the area where a conscious state activity can produce world revolutionary elements

Indicators of Development/Exploitation: 

Indicators of Development/Exploitation Division of labor transition from intrasocietal and intra-empire to international classes indicating transition to capitalist world economy Technology as hegemony factor (c.f. Habermas: Technik als Ideologie) Expansion of production expansion, overproduction, redistribution of surplus, recovery (40-60 years) crisis of overproduction

World Hegemony Cycles: 

World Hegemony Cycles Hegemony: a period in which one core power can simultaneuosly manifest productive, commercial, financial, and military superiority over all other core powers Period of hegemonic decline: hegemonic power has lost its superiority in one realm while retaining it in others

World System Hegemony Cycles: 

World System Hegemony Cycles European expansion: Portugal: late 15th – c. 1600 - pugnacity, military technology (naval matters), population hardened to variety of diseases 2. Holland: c. 1600 – late 17th - Protestantism, capable fluyt focused on trade, stock exchange Commercial England: late 17th – late 18th - internal social stability, mobile labor power Industrial Britain: late 18th – early 20th - industrialization, coal 5. United States: early 20th – - adoption of new technologies (electricity, petroleum)

Present World System: 

Present World System USA hegemon after the WW II, now (1980’s) declining Resemblances with two previous (capitalist) hegemons: from agro-industry to commerce then finance liberal trade policy hegemony based on sea or sea/air power extended wars for securing hegemony assumptions of world responsibilities of protecting and preserving the liberal order liberal trade arrangements allows technology to spread → new technology to non-hegemon states rise of income for the hegemon state working class → competitive advantage to non-hegemon states

Present Hegemonic Rivalry Period : 

Present Hegemonic Rivalry Period USA: loss of competitive edge of productivity, maintaining and presenting competitive edge on military power Emergence of new loci of power on the margins of the declining hegemon’s radius of action (East Asia, Europe?) the possible rise of a new region causes a relative decline of another (not only the present hegemon)

Critique of WST: 

Critique of WST Eurocentrism A.G.Frank: capitalist system 5000 years old; few centuries ago Europe a periphery of world trade, hegemony in South and East Asia Reversed causality no proof on process of economic underdevelopment (case of Poland) No sensibility for cultural factors materialist approach limits the explanative force Methodological problems of macrosociology no systematic line in choosing of data, base on disconnected secondary sources