Lecture 3: A Short and Condensed History of Computing: Lecture 3: A Short and Condensed History of Computing


Origins of Digital Computers: earliest computing devices designed to aid numeric computation abacus, first developed in Babylonia over 5,000 years ago Origins of Digital Computers


Early Calculating Machines: William Schickard (1592–1635), mechanical calculator Blaise Pascal (1623–1662), addition and subtraction decimal calculator G. W. F. Leibniz (1646–1716), “Stepped Reckoner,” full-featured calculator, (“Leibniz wheel” for multiplication) Pascaline Early Calculating Machines


Charles Babbage (1791–1871): first true pioneer of modern digital computing machines built two prototype calculating machines Difference Engine Analytical Engine Charles Babbage (1791–1871)


Charles Babbage: Charles Babbage Analytical Machine He was explicitly inspired by Jacquard’s use of punch cards to control a machine. Unfortunately the only way to build it was using rods and gears and it was never made to work. In addition, it was powered by STEAM !


Babbage’s Difference Engine: automated both the computation of tables and their printing employed the method of differences to calculate polynomials special-purpose calculating machine Babbage’s Difference Engine


World’s First Programmer: World’s First Programmer Ada King, daughter of Lord Byron wrote the programs for the Difference Engine, thus making her the first programmer ….ever


Legacy of Babbage: Designed the first, general-purpose digital computing device Unfortunately his ideas and achieve-ments were lost on his successors Legacy of Babbage


1880-1901 The Birth of the Modern Mechanical Calculator: 1880-1901 The Birth of the Modern Mechanical Calculator ..\x100TriumphatorCNer113763.jpg ..\x100TriumphatorCNser113763.jpg


Early Pocket Calculators: Early Pocket Calculators


Claude Shannon 1916-2001: Claude Shannon 1916-2001 In 1937, Claude Shannon introduces the concept of binary logic for use in creating digital computing machines In 1948 he publishes “A mathematical theory of communication” which sets forth the principals for encoding information so that it might be transmitted electronically He is affectionately thought of as the Father of the modern information age


Konrad Zuse (1910–1995): designed the “Z” series of automatic general-purpose computing machines electro-mechanical devices binary internal encoding Z3 (1941) was programmed using punched 35mm film Konrad Zuse (1910–1995)


Alan M. Turing (1912–1954): led the WWII research group that broke the code for the Enigma machine proposed a simple abstract universal machine model for defining computability devised the “Turing hypothesis” for AI Alan M. Turing (1912–1954)


The Enigma Machine: The Enigma Machine Invented in 1918, it was the most sophisticated code system of its day, and was a priority of the Allies to decipher before D-Day so that they could be certain that they had fooled the Germans about the Invasion of France


Alan Turing and his Colossus: constructed an electronic computing machine (1943) used to decrypt German coded messages Alan Turing and his Colossus


IBM Harvard Mark I- 1944: IBM Harvard Mark I- 1944 The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator after installation at Harvard University, 1944. It is 51 feet long, weighs 5 tons, and incorporates 750,000 parts, including 72 accumulators and 60 sets of rotary switches


Mauchly and Eckert: John W. Mauchly (1907–1980) and J. Presper Eckert (1919– ) headed the ENIAC team at the Moore School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvannia ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), the first electronic general-purpose digital computer commissioned by the Army for computing ballistic firing tables Mauchly and Eckert


ENIAC: noted for massive scale and redundant design decimal internal coding operational in 1946 ENIAC


ENIAC: manual programming of boards, switches, and “function table” ENIAC


Slide21: Early Computer Programming was slow, tedious and repetitious


John Von Neumann (1903–1954): Von Neumann visits the Moore School in 1944 prepares a draft for an automatic programmable device (later called EDVAC) “stored program” concept publishes ideas (with Goldstine and Burks) in 1946 designed the IAS (Institute for Advanced Studies) machine which became operational in 1951 John Von Neumann (1903–1954)


Von Neumann Architecture: “stored program” serial uniprocessor design binary internal encoding CPU–Memory–I/O orgranization “fetch-decode- execute” instruction cycle Von Neumann Architecture


Slide24: The First real “Computer Scientist” 1906-1992 Invented the first Compiler because she was tired of doing it by hand. Vastly improved programming speed and efficiency Contents | Next


UNIVAC I: first commercial general-purpose computer system delivered in 1951 used to forecast the 1952 presidential election UNIVAC I


Even in the 1950’s, computers got smaller over time: Even in the 1950’s, computers got smaller over time Four different generations of tube computer circuits showing the reduction in size over several generations of systems during the 1950’s


Early Bell Labs Transistor 1947 / 1952: Early Bell Labs Transistor 1947 / 1952 “The most important invention of the 20th century…”


What was the first thing that we built with this miraculous new technology?: What was the first thing that we built with this miraculous new technology?


A hearing aid ! ….1953: A hearing aid ! ….1953 Zenith Royal-T “Tubeless” hearing aid. 3” tall, 2.5” widexdftrd A prehistoric iPod?


Followed immediately by the first “pocket radio” in 1954: Followed immediately by the first “pocket radio” in 1954


Jack Kilby - Invents the Integrated Circuit at TI….1957: Jack Kilby - Invents the Integrated Circuit at TI….1957 First commercial use of the IC was in a pocket calculator - 1961


1960’s….IBM System/360: built using solid-state circuitry family of computer systems with backward compatibility established the standard for mainframes for a decade 1960’s….IBM System/360


Gordon Bell, Father of the Minicomputer, Digital Equipment Corporation: Gordon Bell, Father of the Minicomputer, Digital Equipment Corporation Developed the first “Mini” computers 1960-83 Brought computing to small businesses Created major competition for IBM, UNIVAC, who only built Mainframes at the time


DEC PDP series: “minicomputers” offered mainframe performance at a fraction of the cost PDP-8 introduced at $20,000! Vs. $1M for a Mainframe DEC PDP series


IBM fights back!: IBM fights back! IBM 1130, their “small” computer, designed to compete with DEC’s minis


Specialized Supercomputers: First developed in the late 1970’s high-performance systems used for scientific applications advanced special purpose designs Control Data Corporation, Cray Research, NEC, IBM and others Specialized Supercomputers


Intel 4004 Microprocessor - 1972: Intel 4004 Microprocessor - 1972 First commercially available micro-processor – first used in a programmable calculator This technology made the personal computer possible Contained 2300 transistors and ran at 100 khz


Desktop and Portable Computers1975-: Microprocessors all-in-one designs, performance/price tradeoffs aimed at mass audiences personal computers workstations Desktop and Portable Computers 1975-


Altair 8080, the first kit micro computer…1975: Altair 8080, the first kit micro computer…1975


Bill Gates Altair Video: Bill Gates Altair Video


Hawaiian Shirt Contest!: Hawaiian Shirt Contest!


Developed in the family garage, Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs with the First Apple Computer 1976 : Developed in the family garage, Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs with the First Apple Computer 1976


Radio Shack TRS-80, 1978: Radio Shack TRS-80, 1978 The first plug and play personal computer available at retail Programmed in BASIC Very successful Very affordable Limited commercial software Created a cottage industry


The Apple II - 1978: The Apple II - 1978 The first commercially available Apple Initially sold to Wall St. bankers who wanted the Spread-sheet program called Visicalc which ran on the Apple II Put Apple on the Map


The Osborne 1 - 1981: The Osborne 1 - 1981 The first “portable” personal computer Came with lot’s of software bundled Only weighed about 40 lbs and sold for $1795 Note the large 5” screen!


IBM PC - 1982: IBM PC - 1982 IBM’s first PC Signaled a significant shift for the giant manufacturer Established a new standard which is still being built on today Operating system written by Bill Gates & Co. at Microsoft                         


The Computer Company that Wasn’t, Xerox: The Computer Company that Wasn’t, Xerox Many of the innovations that became part of the Personal Computer scene were actually invented at XEROX Parc (Palo Alto Research Center) Xerox was never able to successfully exploit those innovations that included the mouse, graphic user interface and the concept of WYSIWYG, (What you see is what you get)


Apple MacIntosh - 1984: Apple MacIntosh - 1984 First PC with GUI interface Adopted from the work that was done at Xerox Designed to be a computer appliance for “Real People” Introduced at the 1984 Superbowl


Video: Video MacIntosh 1984 Superbowl Ad www.uriahcarpenter.info/1984.html


1984 MacIntosh Ad: 1984 MacIntosh Ad Directed by Ridley Scott (Alien, Blade Runner) Cost $1.5 M Shown ONCE during ‘84 Superbowl at a cost of $500K Considered to be the best TV ad ever! Launched the Mac in grand style! http://www.uiowa.edu/~commstud/adclass/1984.apple_ad.mov


Just Some of the Companies that defined the Personal Computer Business early on: Just Some of the Companies that defined the Personal Computer Business early on Xerox IBM Commodore Texas Instrument Osborne MITS AT&T Compaq Toshiba Hitachi Sinclair Hewlett Packard Sony Apple Microsoft SWTP


Comparison Shopping: How do they rate in cost and performance? Comparison Shopping


Slide56: In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors that can be integrated on a die would double every 18 to 14 months (i.e., grow exponentially with time). Amazing visionary – million transistor/chip barrier was crossed in the 1980’s. 2300 transistors, 1 MHz clock (Intel 4004) - 1971 42 Million, 2 GHz clock (Intel P4) - 2001 140 Million transistor (HP PA-8500) Moore’s Law Source: Intel web page (www.intel.com)


Clock Frequency: Clock Frequency P6 Pentium ® proc 486 386 286 8086 8085 8080 8008 4004 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year Frequency (Mhz) 2X every 2 years Courtesy, Intel


Growth Speed of Key Technologies Obeys Moore’s Law: Growth Speed of Key Technologies Obeys Moore’s Law


Today’s Price/Performance: Today’s Price/Performance Over 3 Billion adds per second costs less than $1000 Memory is measured in Megabytes/Gigabytes….not Kilobytes Magnetic Storage is measured in Gigabytes, not Megabytes or Kilobytes…soon to be Terabytes Communications speeds are measured in Megabits per second, not Kilobits or even lower And so it continues !!!


Web Resources for Computing History: Web Resources for Computing History http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/t http://www.digitalcentury.com/encyclo/update/comp_hd.html http://www.hitmill.com/computers/computerhx1.html


Questions?: Questions?