Chapter11

Chapter 11 Information System Development and Programming Languages: 

Chapter 11 Information System Development and Programming Languages

Chapter 11 Objectives: 

Chapter 11 Objectives Discuss the importance of project management, feasibility assessment, documentation, data and information gathering techniques, and information systems security during system development Discuss the purpose of each phase in the system development cycle Differentiate between low-level languages and procedural languages Identify the benefits of object-oriented programming languages and program development tools List other programming languages and other program development tools Describe various ways to develop Web pages List the six steps in the program development cycle Explain the basic control structures used in designing solutions to programming problems

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What is an information system (IS)? p. 406 Hardware, software, data, people, and procedures that work together to produce quality information System—Set of components that interact to achieve common goal

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What are the phases of the system development cycle? p. 406 Fig. 11-1 Phase 1. Planning Phase 2. Analysis Phase 3. Design Phase 4. Implementation Phase 5. Operating, Support, and Security Review project requests Prioritize project requests Allocate resources Form project development team Conduct preliminary investigation Perform detailed analysis activities: Study current system Determine user requirements Recommend solution Acquire hardware and software, if necessary Develop details of system Develop programs, if necessary Install and test new system Train users Convert to new system Perform maintenance activities Monitor system performance Assess system security

The System Development Life Cycle: 

Arrange tasks into phases (groups of activities) The System Development Life Cycle What are guidelines for system development? p. 407 Involve users (anyone for whom system is being built) Develop clearly defined standards (procedures company expects employees to follow)

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle Who participates in the system development life cycle? p. 407 Fig. 11-2

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What is a systems analyst? p. 407 Responsible for designing and developing information system Users’ primary contact person

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What is the project team? p. 408 Consists of users, systems analyst, and other IT professionals Formed to work on project from beginning to end Project leader—one member of the team who manages and controls project budget and schedule

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What is project management? p. 408 Process of planning, scheduling, and controlling activities during system development cycle Project leader identifies elements for project Required activities Goal, objectives, and expectations, collectively called scope Time estimates for each activity Cost estimates for each activity Activities that can take place at same time Order of activities

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What is a Gantt chart? p. 409 Fig. 11-3 Popular tool used to plan and schedule time relationships among project activities

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What is feasibility? p. 409 Measure of how suitable system development will be to the company Operational feasibility Schedule feasibility Four feasibility tests: Technical feasibility Economic feasibility (also called cost/benefit feasibility)

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What is documentation? p. 409

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What are six data and information gathering techniques? p. 410 Fig. 11-4 Review documentation Observe Questionnaire Interview Joint-application design (JAD) session Research

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What are some reasons to create or modify an information system? p. 410

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What is a request for system services? p. 411 Fig. 11-5 Formal request for new or modified information system Also called project request

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What is the planning phase? p. 412 - 413 Begins when steering committee receives project request Steering committee—decision-making body for the company Function of committee: Review and approve project requests Allocate resources Form project development team for each approved project Prioritize project requests

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What is the analysis phase? p. 413

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What is the preliminary investigation? p. 413 - 414 Fig. 11-6 Determine exact nature of problem or improvement and whether it is worth pursuing Findings are presented in feasibility report

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What is detailed analysis? p. 415 Sometimes called logical design 2. Determine user’s wants, needs, and requirements 3. Recommend solution 1. Study how current system works

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What is the system proposal? p. 415

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What are possible solutions? p. 415 Buy packaged software—prewritten software available for purchase Outsource—have outside source develop software Write own custom software—software developed at user’s request

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What is the design phase? p. 416 Acquire hardware and software Develop all details of new or modified information system

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle Video: Facebook Announces New Platform

The System Development Life Cycle: 

Test and evaluate vendor proposals The System Development Life Cycle What is needed to acquire new hardware and software? p. 416 Identify all hardware and software requirements of new or modified system Solicit vendor proposals Make a decision Identify technical specifications

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What are three basic documents used to summarize technical specifications? p. 416 Request for information (RFI) Request for proposal (RFP) Request for quotation (RFQ)

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What is a value-added reseller (VAR)? p. 417 Fig. 11-7 Complete system provided by value-added reseller Value-added reseller (VAR) purchases products from manufacturer and then resells them, offering additional services with product Authorized VARs must meet certain manufacturer-specified requirements

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle How do systems analysts test software products? p. 417 References from vendor Talk to current users of product Product demonstrations Trial version of software Benchmark test measures performance

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What is a detailed design? p. 418 - 419 Includes several activities Database design Input and output design Program design Detailed design specifications for components in proposed solution

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What is a mockup? p. 418 Fig. 11-8 Sample of input or output that contains actual data

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What is a layout chart? p. 419 Fig. 11-9 Input or output that contains programming-like notations for data items

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What is a prototype? p. 419 Working model of proposed system Beginning a prototype too early may lead to problems

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What is computer-aided software engineering (CASE)? p. 419 Fig. 11-10 Software tools designed to support activities of system development cycle

The System Development Life Cycle: 

Convert to new system The System Development Life Cycle What is the implementation phase? p. 420 Purpose is to construct, or build, new or modified system and then deliver it to users Train users Install and test new system Develop programs

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What are the four types of tests performed by system developers? p. 420 Verifies application works with other applications Systems test Integration Test Unit Test Verifies each individual program works by itself Verifies all programs in application work together Verifies the new system works with actual data Acceptance Test

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What is training? p. 420 - 421 Fig. 11-11 Showing users exactly how they will use new hardware and software in system

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What are conversion strategies? p. 421 Used to change from old system to new system

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What is the operation, support, and security phase? p. 422 Perform maintenance activities Monitor system performance Assess system security Provides ongoing assistance after system is implemented

The System Development Life Cycle: 

The System Development Life Cycle What is a computer security plan? p. 422 Summarizes in writing all of the safeguards that are in place to protect a company’s information assets For each risk, identify the safeguards that exist to detect, prevent, and recover from a loss Identify all security risks that may cause an information loss Identify all information assets of an organization

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What is a computer program? p. 423 Fig. 11-12 Set of instructions that directs computer to perform tasks Programming language—used to communicate instructions

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What are low-level languages and high-level languages? p. 424 High-level language Low-level language Machine-dependent runs only on one type of computer Often machine-independent can run on many different types of computers and operating systems Machine and assembly languages are low-level

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What is machine language? p. 424 Fig. 11-13 Only language computer directly recognizes Uses a series of binary digits (1s and 0s) with a combination of numbers and letters that represent binary digits

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What is assembly language? p. 424 - 425 Fig. 11-14 Instructions made up of symbolic instruction codes, meaningful abbreviations and codes Source program contains code to be converted to machine language

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What is a procedural language? p. 425

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What is a compiler? p. 425 Fig. 11-15 Program that converts entire source program into machine language before executing it

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What is an interpreter? p. 426 Fig. 11-16 Program that translates and executes one program code statement at a time Does not produce object program

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What is COBOL? p. 426 Fig. 11-17 Designed for business applications English-like statements make code easy to read, write, and maintain COmmon Business-Oriented Language

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What is C? p. 427 Fig. 11-18 Powerful language originally designed to write system software Requires professional programming skills

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What is an object-oriented programming (OOP) language? p. 427 Used to implement object-oriented design Major benefit is ability to reuse existing objects Event-driven—checks for and responds to set of events Java, C++, C#, and Visual Basic are complete object-oriented languages Object is item that contains data and procedures that act on data Event is action to which program responds

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What is Java? p. 427 - 428 Fig. 11-19 Developed by Sun Microsystems Similar to C++ but uses just-in-time (JIT) compiler to convert source code into machine code

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What is C++? p. 428 Includes all elements of C, plus additional features for working with object-oriented concepts Used to develop database and Web applications What is C#? Object-oriented programming language based on C++ Accepted as a standard for Web applications and XML-based Web services

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What is Visual Studio? p. 428 - 429 Fig. 11-20 .NET is set of technologies that allows program to run on Internet Comprised of Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual C#, and Visual J#

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What is Delphi? p. 429 Powerful visual programming tool Ideal for large-scale enterprise and Web applications What is PowerBuilder? Another powerful visual programming tool Best suited for Web-based and large-scale object-oriented applications

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What is a visual programming language? p. 429 Examples include Alice, Mindscript and Prograph Provides visual or graphical interface for creating source code

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What is RPG (Report Program Generator)? p. 430 Fig. 11-21 Used for generating reports, performing computations, and updating files

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What is a fourth-generation language (4GL)? p. 430 Fig. 11-22 Nonprocedural language that allows access to data in database Popular 4GL is SQL, query language that allows users to manage data in relational DBMS

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What are other available programming languages? p. 431 ALGOL ADA APL BASIC HYPERTALK FORTRAN FORTH LISP MODULA-2 LOGO PASCAL PROLOG PL/1 PILOT SMALLTALK

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What is an application generator? p. 431 - 432 Fig. 11-24 Program that creates source code or machine code from specification Consists of report writer, form, and menu generator Form provides areas for entering data

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What is HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)? p. 433 Fig. 11-25 Used to create Web pages

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What is a scripting language? p. 434 - 435 Fig. 11-26 Typically easy to learn and use JavaScript Perl (Practical Extraction and Report Language) PHP (PHP: Hypertext Processor) Rexx (Restructured eXtended eXecutor) Tcl (Tool Command Language) VBScript (Visual Basic, Scripting Edition)

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What is dynamic HTML (DHTML)? p. 435 Fig. 11-27 Allows developers to include more graphical interest and interactivity in Web page

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What are XHTML, XML, and WML? p. 436 XHTML (Extensible HTML) enables Web sites to be displayed more easily on microbrowsers XML (Extensible Markup Language) allows developers to create customized tags WML (Wireless Markup Language) allows developers to design pages specifically for microbrowsers Includes features of HTML and XML Many PDAs and smart phones use WML as their markup language Server sends entire record to client, enabling client to do much of processing without going back to server RSS 2.0

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What is Ajax? p. 436 Stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML Method of creating interactive Web applications designed to provide immediate response Combines JavaScript, HTML or XHTML, and XML Google Maps and Flickr use Ajax

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What is Ruby on Rails (RoR)? p. 436 Also called Rails Open source framework that provides technologies for developing object-oriented, database-driven Web sites Ruby is derived from a variety of languages, including Ada, LISP, Perl, and Smalltalk

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What is Web page authoring software? p. 436 - 437 Creates sophisticated Web pages without using HTML Generates HTML

Programming Languages: 

Programming Languages What is multimedia authoring software? p. 437 Fig. 11-28 Combines text, graphics, animation, audio, and video into interactive presentation Used for computer-based training (CBT) and Web-based training (WBT) Software includes Toolbook, Authorware, and Director

The Program Development Cycle: 

The Program Development Cycle What is the program development cycle? p. 438 - 439 Fig. 11-29 Steps programmers use to build computer programs Programming team—Group of programmers working on program

The Program Development Cycle: 

The Program Development Cycle What is a sequence control structure? p. 440 Fig. 11-30 Control structure that shows actions following each other in order Control structure depicts logical order of program instructions

The Program Development Cycle: 

The Program Development Cycle What is a selection control structure? p. 440 Fig. 11-31 Tells program which action to take, based on a certain condition Two types Case control structure If-then-else control structure—yields one of two possibilities: true or false

The Program Development Cycle: 

The Program Development Cycle What is a case control structure? p. 440 - 441 Fig. 11-32 Yields one of three or more possibilities

The Program Development Cycle: 

The Program Development Cycle What is a repetition control structure? p. 441 - 442 Figs. 11-33–11-34 Enables program to perform one or more actions repeatedly Do-while control structure—repeats as long as condition is true Do-until control structure—repeats until condition is true

Companies on the Cutting Edge: 

Companies on the Cutting Edge Video: Electronic Arts Going Mobile

Summary of Information System Development and Programming Languages: 

Summary of Information System Development and Programming Languages Phases in the system development life cycle Guidelines for system development Activities that occur during the entire system development cycle Chapter 11 Complete Various programming languages and program development tools used to write and develop computer programs Web development and multimedia development tools Program development cycle