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Event-Related Brain Potentials in Cognitive Neuroscience: 

Event-Related Brain Potentials in Cognitive Neuroscience Helmholtz Summerschool 2005 Cognitive Neurophysics II Peter beim Graben Inst. for Linguistics / Physics Potsdam University 27. September 2005

Contents: 

Contents Prologue: history of brain mapping and EEG Event-related brain potentials I: technique Event-related brain potentials II: data analysis Event-related brain potentials III: classification Language processing

Phrenology: 

Phrenology

The Discovery of the EEG: 

The Discovery of the EEG Hans Berger (1873 – 1941)

Local Field Potentials: 

Local Field Potentials soma EPSP IPSP dendrite axon   pyramidal cell influx of sodium: – pole outflux of potassium / influx of chloride: + pole

EEG Generators: 

EEG Generators skull pyra- midal cell ● ● from / to thalamus ● star cell ● ● axon Axon dendrites ● ● ● ● ● ● ● dipole: open field closed field: dipole moments average to 0

EEG Measurement: 

EEG Measurement to amplifier

Electrode Placement: 

Electrode Placement 10–20-system

EEG Frequency Bands: 

EEG Frequency Bands frequency 0 – 4 Hz 4 – 8 Hz 8 – 14 Hz 14 – 30 Hz > 30 Hz δ-band θ-band α-band β-band γ-band

Event-Related Potentials: 

Event-Related Potentials Setup

Customary Data Analysis: 

Customary Data Analysis artifact rejection filtering (optional) epoching: cut data stream into intervals (“epochs”) build epoch ensembles per condition baseline alignment ensemble averaging statistics

Customary Data Analysis: 

Customary Data Analysis epoch 1 epoch 2 epoch N epoch 1 epoch 2 epoch N stim stim stim

Event-Related Potentials: 

Event-Related Potentials ERP components are distinguished peaks in the averaged EEG that vary with experimental manipulations. definition of ERP components

Nomenclature: 

Nomenclature early components: roman letters (I, II, III, IV) middle latency components: polarity + letter (Pa, Pb, Na) late component: polarity + latency (N100, P300, N400) or: polarity + ordinal number (P1, N1, P2)

Requirements of Customary ERP Analysis: 

Requirements of Customary ERP Analysis EEG epoch = ERP signal + noise ERP is invariant across trials and time-locked noise is stationary and ergodic ERP and noise are uncorrelated noise-realizations are uncorrelated across trials

Epoching: 

Epoching epoch #7 of two conditions at FZ epochs #1-4 for critical condition at FZ

Baseline Alignment: 

Baseline Alignment epochs #1-4 for critical condition raw EEG at FZ

Epoch Ensembles: 

Epoch Ensembles all epochs of the same subject for critical condition at FZ all epochs of one subject for control condition at FZ μV μV

Ensemble Averaging: 

Ensemble Averaging ERP – average over 2 epochs at FZ

Ensemble Averaging: 

Ensemble Averaging ERP – average over 4 epochs at FZ

Ensemble Averaging: 

Ensemble Averaging ERP – average over 8 epochs at FZ

Ensemble Averaging: 

Ensemble Averaging ERP – average over 16 epochs at FZ

Ensemble Averaging: 

Ensemble Averaging P600 ERP – average over all epochs at FZ

ERP Maps: 

ERP Maps μV

Event-Related Spectra: 

Event-Related Spectra θ-band α-band

Event-Related Spectra: 

Event-Related Spectra power difference in θ-band power difference in α-band μV2 μV2

Time Frequency Analysis: 

Time Frequency Analysis Gabor wavelet transform Roehm (2004)

Amplitude Frequency Characteristics: 

Amplitude Frequency Characteristics

Combined Analysis Procedure: 

Combined Analysis Procedure Başar (1980, 1983) Yordanova & Kolev (1998) ERP

Evoked Activity: 

Evoked Activity Gruber et al. (2005)

Induced Activity: 

Induced Activity Gabor wavelet transform Roehm (2004)

Evoked vs. Induced Power: 

Evoked vs. Induced Power Roehm (2004) evoked induced

Phase Locking Value: 

Phase Locking Value Roehm (2004) N400

Requirements of Customary ERP Analysis: 

Requirements of Customary ERP Analysis EEG epoch = ERP signal + noise ERP is invariant across trials and time-locked noise is stationary and ergodic ERP and noise are uncorrelated noise-realizations are uncorrelated across trials

The Dynamical Approach: 

The Dynamical Approach Başar (1980, 1983) beim Graben et al. (2000) experimental manipulations are control parameters ERP time series are images of trajectories of a dynamical system exploring the neural phase space under the EEG observable ensembles of ERP epochs correspond to ensembles of trajectories starting from randomly distributed initial conditions ERPs are order parameters

Phase Space Portrait: 

control condition Başar (1980, 1983) Phase Space Portrait

Coarse-Graining: 

control condition Coarse-Graining

Symbolic Dynamics of ERP: 

Symbolic Dynamics of ERP EEG time series symbolic sequence 010011011010111011

Symbolic Dynamics of ERP: 

Symbolic Dynamics of ERP beim Graben et al. (2000) critical condition at FZ potential polaritity

Cylinder Sets of ERP: 

Cylinder Sets of ERP [10]t2 = {a, b, d} cylinder set := set of all sequences agreeing in some affix.

Measures of Complexity: 

Measures of Complexity

Word Statistics: 

Word Statistics

Entropy: 

Entropy measure for disorder and unpredictability

Event-Related Entropies: 

Event-Related Entropies

Entropy Maps: 

Entropy Maps

Time Frequency Symbolic Dynamics: 

Time Frequency Symbolic Dynamics entropy differences of critical and control condition N400 P600 analogue to plv

Two-Threshold Encoding: 

Two-Threshold Encoding noisy signal upper encoding threshold lower encoding threshold

Symbolic Resonance Analysis: 

Symbolic Resonance Analysis beim Graben & Kurths (2003) Frisch & beim Graben (2005) threshold 1 threshold 2 threshold 3 3-symbol encoding Bessel function + noise 0101211101212121101012010

Symbolic Resonance Analysis: 

3-symbol encoding word statistics  = 0.5,  = 0.5 Symbolic Resonance Analysis

Mean-Field Transformation: 

Mean-Field Transformation (1+1)-dim 3-Potts spin lattice magnetizations spin flip transform

Mean-Field Transformation: 

Mean-Field Transformation (1+1)-dim 3-Potts spin lattice magnetizations spin flip transform

Mean-Field Transformation: 

Mean-Field Transformation (1+1)-dim 3-Potts spin lattice magnetizations spin flip transform

Mean-Field Transformation: 

Mean-Field Transformation (1+1)-dim 3-Potts spin lattice magnetizations spin flip transform

Mean-Field Transformation: 

Mean-Field Transformation (1+1)-dim 3-Potts spin lattice magnetizations spin flip transform

Mean-Field Transformation: 

Mean-Field Transformation (1+1)-dim 3-Potts spin lattice magnetizations spin flip transform

Mean-Field Transformation: 

Mean-Field Transformation (1+1)-dim 3-Potts spin lattice magnetizations spin flip transform

Mean-Field Transformation: 

Mean-Field Transformation (1+1)-dim 3-Potts spin lattice magnetizations spin flip transform

Mean-Field Transformation: 

Mean-Field Transformation (1+1)-dim 3-Potts spin lattice magnetizations spin flip transform kind of “Reversi”

Mean-Field Transformation: 

Mean-Field Transformation 3-symbols word statistics 2-symbols word statistics

Mean-Field Transformation: 

Mean-Field Transformation 3-symbol encoding 2-symbol encoding

Stochastic Resonance: 

Stochastic Resonance SNR of mean-field transformed 3-symbol distributions against encoding threshold θ. Symbolic Resonance Analysis (SRA) Frisch & beim Graben (2005) N4001 N4002 control

ERP Classification: 

ERP Classification polarity: positive (P); negative (N) latency: 100; 300; 400; 600 ms morphology: phasic; tonic topography: anterior; parietal; symmetry

ERP Classification: 

ERP Classification exogenous components endogenous components varying with physical parameters (intensity, pitch, size, duration) no variation with psychological parameters latency < 100 ms “evoked potentials” (EP) no variation with physical parameters varying with psychological parameters (attention, task, instruction, meaning) latency > 100 ms event-related potentials

AEP: 

AEP acoustically evoked potentials

VEP: 

VEP visually evoked potentials

SEP: 

SEP somato-sensorically evoked potentials

Bereitschaftspotential: 

Bereitschaftspotential lateralized readiness potential Kornhuber & Deeke (1965) movement of left hand

CNV: 

CNV contingent negative variation Walter et al. (1964) AEP VEP AEP VEP AEP CNV

N100 / Nd: 

N100 / Nd attention Hillyard et al. (1973)

MMN: 

MMN mismatch negativity Kallio et al. (1999) passive auditory oddball

P300: 

P300 surprise, surprise! active auditory oddball

P300: 

P300 context updating

P300: 

P300 a posteriori probability, relevance, value

Ambiguity: 

Ambiguity The spy observed the politician with binoculars. Necker cube

Visual Ambiguity: 

Visual Ambiguity Kornmeier et al. (2004)

Reversal Negativity: 

Reversal Negativity no reversal reversal

Language Processing ERP Experiments: 

Language Processing ERP Experiments fell the barn past raced The horse + garden-path sentence

N400: 

N400 lexical-semantic access Kutas & Hillyard (1980)

N400: 

N400 semantic coherence The knight in shining armour drew his

N400: 

N400 semantic priming Holcomb (1988)

Hippocampus: 

Hippocampus

NMDA Receptor: 

NMDA Receptor agonists: e.g. NMDA antagonists: e.g. Zinc, Angel-Dust (PCP), Ketamine

Hippocampus N400: 

Hippocampus N400 short term memory, lexical access Grunwald et al. (1999)

ELAN: 

ELAN early left-anterior negativity The goose was in fed The goose was fed in.

LAN: 

LAN left-anterior negativity Hoen & Dominey (2000) ABCXCBAX ABCZDEFZ

P600: 

P600 syntactic positivity shift sell the stock. Osterhout & Holcomb (1992)

Diagnosis and Repair: 

voltage averages Diagnosis and Repair No man who had a beard was ever happy. A man who had a beard was ever happy. A man who had no beard was ever happy. Drenhaus et al. (2005) N400 P600