In The Beginning…: In The Beginning… A Bit of Internet History & Why Things Are The Way They Are


America’s POV in 1946: America’s POV in 1946 Axis powers defeated Germany and Japan in shambles American war-time economy still pumping Europe and Asia as a whole in shambles The beginning of “Pax Americana”


America’s POV in (con’t): America’s POV in (con’t) Atomic Age (America on top) Radical Scientific Innovation Beginning of American Military Industrial Complex Flood of Veterans (GI Bill into college, rapid assimilation into business)


America in 1946-1950: America in 1946-1950 Infrastructure boom as home loans for vets come through Major geographic shifts as workers move around the country Major rise of the middle class (Cars, appliances, etc)


The World in 1946-1950: The World in 1946-1950 The beginning of the Cold War Rise of the Super Powers (The U.S. and The Soviet Union) The Beginning of the Arms Race The Foundation of the Space Race


The Cold War in America (1946-1957): The Cold War in America (1946-1957) Bomb Shelters & “Duck and Cover” drills Civil Defense continues Communism to be identified and “rooted” out Nuclear Bombs to be delivered by piloted aircraft The funding of DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)


1957: 1957 The launch of Sputnik starts the Space Race It also heralds unprecedented levels of funding into military projects ICBMs and space-based weapons platforms are no longer science fiction


1969 & DARPA: 1969 & DARPA Birth of Internet (ARPANet) Berkeley with TCP/IP Protocol into UNIX (Created by Bell Labs in 1960’s) Linked Stanford, Berkeley, MIT, Carnegie Melon and then others Packet Switching concept introduced, creating paradigm we have today


Power Grid and Communications Grid Basics: Power Grid and Communications Grid Basics Electricity Voltage (“pressure”) Amperage (Size of “pipe”) Transformers (Step out power and distribute) Phone Copper wire Electrical analog Switches


Electromagnetic Spectrum Basics: Electromagnetic Spectrum Basics Analog Digital Waves and Frequencies Using Electricity as carrier


The Spectrum Rough Cut: The Spectrum Rough Cut Radio- ~1MHz-1GHz Microwaves (Sometimes seen on radio band)- 1GHz-300GHz Infrared- ~300GHz-1,000THz(1015 Hz) Light (including Ultraviolet)~1015 Hz-1017 Hz X-Rays/Gamma Rays, etc- ~1017 Hz-1022 Hz


A Wave: A Wave Amplitude is height of the wave


Digital “Wave”: Digital “Wave”


Why We Care: Why We Care Modulation: The process of modifying a wave so that it can carry information is known as modulation. There are three ways of modulating a wave: changing its amplitude, frequency, or phase. (AM, FM or PM)


Computer Communication: Computer Communication Using wire to transmit information Higher voltage = 1 Lower voltage = 0 Basics of Binary Code All of it is representational


Computer Technology & Early Application: Computer Technology & Early Application Mainframes & Dumb Terminals The Rise of Personal Computers Cheaper Hardware Business/Industry Applications (Payroll and Banking and Credit Cards) Info Tech in Education (Accounting and MIS) Info Tech in the Org Chart (Under CFO)


Government Begins to Hand over Internet: Government Begins to Hand over Internet National Science Foundation begins to take over, and things begin to move from DOD Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) sets standards Protocols ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) (IP addresses and DNS)


Rise of ISPs: Rise of ISPs AOL, CompuServe and Prodigy People begin to use Internet at home on their PC’s Personal use of Internet still limited


The Web: The Web 1993 Tim Berners-Lee of CERN (Centre Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire) the European Laboratory for Particle Physics Creates revolution Starts Netscape, and the Browser Wars


Why This Matters: Why This Matters QWERTY Key Board example The system we are using today is over 30 years old It was made by Cold War scientists WHY things are the way they are explains the thinking that created the current landscape


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