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Presentation Transcript

Slide1: 

Presented by, PRABUDDHA BANSAL - CH03B025 ARAVIND G - CH03B048 NAVANEETHA KRISHNAN N - CH03B053 SHASHANK NARAYAN - CH03B059

Slide2: 

What is OTEC? Manifestation of solar energy Top layers of ocean receive solar heating Bottom layers receive water from polar regions Natural temperature gradient Use in Thermodynamic cycle – Generate electricity

PLANT LOCATION: 

PLANT LOCATION Land based - Favoured locations : narrow shelves (volcanic islands), steep (15-20 deg) offshore slopes, and relatively smooth sea floors. Shelf mounted - OTEC plants can be mounted to the continental shelf at depths up to 100 meters. A shelf-mounted plant could be built in a shipyard, towed to the site, and fixed to the sea bottom. Off shore floating plants

Slide5: 

ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION 1. Closed cycle Ammonia can be used as a working fluid

Slide6: 

2. Open cycle Water is the working fluid Desalinated water can be produced

Slide7: 

3. Hybrid cycle Ammonia is the working fluid Warm sea water is flashed and is then used to vaporize ammonia

MAIN COMPONENTS OF AN OTEC SYSTEM: 

MAIN COMPONENTS OF AN OTEC SYSTEM Evaporators Condensers Cold-water pipe Turbines

HEAT EXCHANGERS: 

HEAT EXCHANGERS

Slide10: 

Shell and tube design can be enhanced by using fluted tubes: the working fluid flows into the grooves and over the crests, producing a thin film that evaporates more effectively In an advanced plate-and-fin design, working fluid and seawater flow through alternating parallel plates; fins between the plates enhance the heat transfer Original material chosen – Titanium - Expensive, so alternative material – Aluminium. Selected Aluminium alloys may last 20 years in seawater.

TURBINES: 

TURBINES Characterized by low pressure ratios and high mass flow of working fluids. The turbine is to be designed to have a good isentropic expansion efficiency over a considerable range of pressure ratio For a 1 MW OTEC plant, a 4-stage axial flow reaction turbine coupled to a synchronous generator through 2 : 1 speed reduction gear box is chosen. For a considerable range of pressure ratios the turbine efficiency remains above 0.85. For 100 MW – low speed 200 rpm unit around 45 m in dia.

Slide12: 

ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OTEC needs high investment Efficiency only 3% - low energy density – large heat transfer equipment therefore more cost

Slide13: 

fixed rate of 10%, 20 year loan, and OTEC plant availability of only 80%. Operation and maintenance costs corresponding to approximately 1.5% of the capital cost are used.

Slide14: 

Cost Estimates for 100 MW CC-OTEC Plantship (COE for 10 % Fixed Rate, 20 years, Annual Operation & Maintenance 1% percent of Capital Cost).

Slide15: 

POTENTIAL Equatorial, tropical and sub-tropical regions i.e. 20 °N to 20 °S, have favorable temperature profile Total estimated potential – 577000 MW 99 nations and territories have access to the OTEC thermal resource: Americas—Mainland - 15 Americas—Island - 23 Africa—Mainland - 18 Africa—Island - 5 Indian/Pacific Ocean—Mainland - 11 Indian/Pacific Ocean—Island - 27

Slide17: 

Countries with access to deep ocean water within 10Km of shore and favorable business climate: • Americas—Mainland - 1, Mexico • Americas—Island - 12 • Africa—Mainland - 1, Tanzania • Africa—Island - 1, Madagascar • Indian/Pacific Ocean—Mainland - 1, India • Indian/Pacific Ocean—Island – 13 OTEC has a high potential especially in small island nations

Slide18: 

Potential in SIDS Islands have a large EEZ (SL’s EEZ = 27*area) Favorable temperature gradient SIDS have to import fuels and energy OTEC provides cheaper energy and energy security OTEC promotes agriculture – food self-sufficiency Fresh water at cheaper cost Provides transportation fuels Refrigeration, air-conditioning Full use of the benefits of OTEC  lower COE

Slide19: 

Less Developed Countries with OTEC potential

Potential in India: 

Potential in India Estimated overall potential – 180000 MW 2.56 million sq.km EEZ Ongoing projects: The 1 MW barge research and demonstration facility being developed by the National Institute of Ocean Technology, India (NIOT) with technical support from Institute of Ocean Energy, Saga University (IOES) Identified sites: Kavaratti Kulasekarapattinam Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Slide21: 

OTEC resource within EEZ of India

Slide22: 

Factors to be considered while choosing a site: Thermal gradient in the ocean Topography of the ocean floor Meteorological conditions – hurricanes Seismic activity Availability of personnel to operate the plant Infrastructure – airports, harbors, etc. Local electricity and desalinated water demand. Political, ecological constraints Cost and availability of shoreline sites

Slide23: 

Factors which increase the viability of OTEC: Rising price of crude oil, declining supplies Ever-rising energy demand Stringent regulations over emission of green house and toxic gases Need for renewable source of baseload electricity Energy security

Slide24: 

Environmental Aspects Positives: Environmentally benign - no toxic products are released Carbon di oxide emission - less than 1% of fossil fuel plant Nutrient rich cold water promotes mariculture Chilled soil agriculture – promotes growth of temperate crops in tropical regions. Cold water for air conditioning Fish will be attracted to the plant, increases fishing in the area Fresh water production (1 MW plant -> 4500 m3)

Slide25: 

Promotes mariculture

Slide26: 

Environmental Aspects Negatives: Fish eggs and larvae entrained, destroyed Sterilization of land by land based plants Floating plants – navigational hazard Entrainment and impingement of organisms. Chlorine used for preventing biofouling – hazardous Metal pieces entrained – affects marine orgs. Mixing of warm and cold sea water OTEC is yet untested on large scale over a long period of time

Commercial benefits of OTEC: 

Commercial benefits of OTEC Helps produce fuels such as hydrogen, ammonia, and methanol Produces baseload electrical energy Produces desalinated water for industrial, agricultural, and residential uses Provides air-conditioning for buildings Provides moderate-temperature refrigeration Has significant potential to provide clean, cost-effective electricity for the future. Specially beneficial for small islands as they can become self-sufficient

Slide28: 

Promotes competitiveness and international trade Enhances energy independence and energy security Promotes international sociopolitical stability Has potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions resulting from burning fossil fuels.

Slide29: 

OTEC R&D history in India 1980 - Conceptual studies on OTEC plants initiated. 1984 - preliminary design for a 1 MW (gross) closed Rankine Cycle floating plant was prepared by IITM 1993 – NIOT formed 1997 – Government proposed the establishment of the 1 MW plant NIOT signed a memorandum of understanding with Saga University in Japan for the joint development of the plant near the port of Tuticorin Goals: The objective is to demonstrate the OTEC plant for one year, after which it could be moved to the Andaman & Nicobar Islands for power generation. NIOT’s plan is to build 10-25 MW shore-mounted power plants in due course by scaling-up the 1 MW test plant, and possibly a 100 MW range of commercial plants thereafter.

Slide30: 

210kW OC-OTEC Experimental Plant (1993-1998) in Hawaii OTEC R&D

Slide31: 

Major accomplishments of the 210 kW open cycle OTEC project include: First net power production from open-cycle process Largest OTEC plant yet operated, with largest net power output 10 ft diameter, 7.5 ton turbine rotated at 1800 rpm Developed use of magnetic bearings for high efficiency very high speed (to 48,000 rpm) vacuum pumps Developed and utilized flexible PC-based monitoring and control system Demonstrated very high condenser efficiency from structured-packing design Successfully demonstrated about 7000 gal/day fresh water production with minimal power loss from an auxiliary vapor to liquid surface condenser

Slide32: 

OTEC is technically feasible and economically favorable Mature technology Benefits ecology More plants of capacity similar to experimental plants can be constructed

Slide36: 

TIDAL ENERGY

Slide37: 

Cause of tides: gravitational force of sun, moon and earth’s rotation Two tidal cycles per day: 12 hours, 25 minutes Tidal range – large at coastal regions with high depth gradient Water can be stored in an estuary during high tide Release during low tide, through turbines BASICS

Slide38: 

THE TIDAL BARRAGE It’s a huge dam built across a river estuary. When the tide goes in and out, the water flows through tunnels in the dam.

Slide39: 

Tidal range has to be in excess of 5 meters for tidal power to be feasible. The purpose of this dam or barrage is to let water flow through it into the basin as the tide comes in. As the tide recedes, gates in the barrage that contain turbines are opened, the hydrostatic head causes the water to come through these gates, driving the turbines and generating power. Power can be generated in both directions through the barrage but this can affect efficiency and the economics of the project Components of barrage - Caissons - Turbines

Slide40: 

Types of TURBINES Bulb turbine Water flows around the turbine. If maintenance is required then the water must be stopped which causes a problem and is time consuming with possible loss of generation.

Slide41: 

2. Rim turbines When rim turbines are used, the generator is mounted at right angles to the to the turbine blades, making access easier. But this type of turbine is not suitable for pumping and it is difficult to regulate its performance.

Slide42: 

The blades of this turbine are connected to a long shaft and are orientated at an angle so that the generator is sitting on top of the barrage. There are only a few commercially operating plants in the world, one of these is the La Rance barrage in France 3. Tubular turbines

Slide43: 

The power available from the turbine at any particular instant is given by: Where, Cd = Discharge Coefficient A = Cross sectional area (m2) G = gravity = 9.81 r = density (kg/m3)

POTENTIAL: 

POTENTIAL Total tidal energy potential worldwide estimated 500 – 1000 TWh/year Only a fraction is exploitable owing to economics & other constraints Represents 3 – 7 % of total energy dissipated by tides Has potential to contribute upto 10 – 12 % of the total energy obtained from renewable sources worldwide

WORLD AT A GLANCE…..: 

WORLD AT A GLANCE….. The darkened regions shows the potential sites

Slide46: 

POTENTIAL

Slide47: 

* 7 000 MW variant also studied

POTENTIAL IN INDIA: 

POTENTIAL IN INDIA Two estuaries on the west coast : Gulf of Cambay & Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat Gulf of Kutch potential estimated to be 900 MW; annual output of 1.6 TWh Potential of Gulf of Cambay : 7000 MW, basin area of 1970 sq-km, annual output of 15 TWh Along east coast : Sunderbans in West Bengal 20 MW power estimated in regions of Dungaduani, Belladonna Creek & Pitts Creek

Slide49: 

The La Rance plant

PLANT LOCATION: 

PLANT LOCATION Tidal mills built on inlets branching off tidal estuaries Average Tidal range : the higher, the better Feasibility of plant construction & basin closure Environmental consequences

EXISTING PLANTS: 

EXISTING PLANTS

ECONOMICS: 

ECONOMICS Characterized by high capital costs per MW of installed capacity High payback period Annual operation & maintenance costs are typically less than 0.5 % of initial capital Possible consumption of power locally & shorter construction times for small schemes make them more economic compared to large ones High capital costs & long construction time make tidal energy sensitive to discount rates Non-energy benefits should be taken into account in assessing potential schemes

Comparison of Capital costs: 

Comparison of Capital costs

Returns……: 

Returns…… Long run marginal cost (LMRC) – deciding whether to build a plant (for 2004)

Contd..: 

Contd.. Short run marginal costs (SMRC) – running costs (for year 2004)

Slide56: 

Environmental impact Local Impact Turbidity Volume of water exchanged between the basin and the sea is lesser, turbidity decreases Light from the Sun penetrates the water deeper Salinity Again as a result of less water exchange with the sea, the average salinity inside the basin decreases, also affecting the ecosystem. Sediment movements High volume of sediments moving through estuaries – rivers to sea Barrage in estuary may result in sediment accumulation within the barrage

Slide57: 

Pollutants Reduced water volume - pollutants in basin are less efficiently dispersed. Increased bacteria content – affects human life Fish Fish will seek out turbines and attempt to swim through them. Fish mortality per pass is approximately 15% (from pressure drop, contact with blades, cavitation, etc.). Research in sonic guidance of fish is ongoing. Global environmental impact A tidal power scheme is a long-term source of electricity. Severn Barrage is projected to save a million tons of coal per year of operation Decreases the output of greenhouse gases.

Slide58: 

SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS: During the construction of the barrage, human activity in the area will increase dramatically and continue to be high till completion. The La Rance tidal barrage in France took over 5 years to construct. The barrage would affect shipping and navigation and provision would have to be made to allow ships to pass through The bay would become available for recreation; the waters would be calmer not immediately after the barrage but further in towards the land. This would be another tourist attraction and become a feature of the area. The inundation would cause displacement of people, especially fishermen

Slide59: 

Tidal energy is predictable Tidal Energy is technologically developed Environmental impacts are lesser Economics are difficult to get around These projects are capital intensive Are people really willing to pay? CONCLUSIONS…

Slide60: 

Romancing the Tide Creating a new paradigm for renewable energy choices