16

Current Events: 

Current Events NCAA Tournament Around the Corner SMU defeats Rice in C-USA UH vs. Southern Miss at 8:30 tonight Congress declares war on ports deal House committee votes 62-2 to block White House approval

Midterm: 

Midterm 39-111% Curve at end of semester. If semester ended today 111-89 = A 89-75= B 75-60= C <60 = D or F I will offer an extra credit assignment due to some poor grades

Sea Power and Maritime Affairs: 

Sea Power and Maritime Affairs Lesson 16: The Navy in the Early Cold War, 1945-1953

End of World War II: 

End of World War II United Nations established. Security Council - Veto power for permanent members. General Assembly. MacArthur commands U.S. army of occupation in Japan. U.S., Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union divide Germany into zones of occupation. Federal Republic of (West) Germany - 1949. U.S. initially enjoys atomic bomb monopoly. Neglect of conventional military forces begins. Communist control of Eastern Europe. “Puppet” states dominated by the Soviet Union.

End of World War II: 

End of World War II U.S. Position at the end of WWII and WWI Position of Power in the world Mood of the Nation Impact of A-bomb monopoly Control of trust territories Instability and search for new roles Demobilization (1945-1946) Post War tasks: Return troops and Pows and refugees Minesweeping Reduction in Force (next slide)

U.S. Naval Forces after WW II: 

U.S. Naval Forces after WW II Rapid demobilization begins. Postwar tasking: Return troops, POWs, and refugees to the U.S. Minesweeping. Must make do with still-new World War II equipment. Drastic reduction in size of force - 1945 to 1950: Personnel: 4 million to less than 500,000 Ships: 1,200 to less than 250 Small numbers of ships stationed in the Far East and Mediterranean.

Search for New Roles: 

Search for New Roles Navy Threatened Rapidly declining fleet Wide-ranging Operations Internal defense struggles Defense re-organization

National Security Act of 1947: 

National Security Act of 1947 “National Military Establishment” Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force. Secretary of Defense on President’s Cabinet. Unified Commanders established in geographic areas. Central Intelligence Agency and National Security Agency. Joint Chiefs of Staff direct military operations. Effects on Navy and Marine Corps: Preserves naval aviation and the Marine Corps. Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal becomes Secretary of Defense. Defense Reorganization Act - 1949: Department of Defense Strengthens Secretary of Defense: Johnson replaces Forrestal.

Containment of Communism: 

Containment of Communism Pacific China - Civil War between Communists and Nationalists. Leaders: Mao Tse Tung and Chiang Kai Shek. Japanese Constitution adopted - relies on U.S. for defense. Europe Communist threat to Turkey and Greece. Great Britain unable to supply enough aid. Truman Doctrine - March 1947 “I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressure.” Economic and Military aid to Greece and Turkey. Non-communist governments secured.

Containment: 

Containment Marshall Plan - June 1947 U.S. economic aid to rebuild western Europe. George Kennan's "X Article" in Foreign Affairs, July 1947 Enunciated the theory of “containment” of communism. Official U.S. doctrine and policy by 1950. Berlin Airlift: June 1948 - May 1949. Communist Coup in Czechosolovakia - February 1948. 1949 - Chinese Nationalists evacuate to Formosa. Communist People’s Republic established on mainland China under Mao. Pact signed with Soviet Union. U.S. supports Chiang’s Nationalist government on Formosa (Taiwan) as legitimate government of China.

Internal Struggles: 

Internal Struggles Unification Struggle - 1945-47 Unity of command debated. Independence of Air Force from Army pushed. Air Force’s Massive Retaliation Strategy: Atomic bomb is a deterrent to war. Air Force strategic bombing: New first line of defense to replace Navy. No need for naval air (carriers) or Marines. Massive reduction of the Department of the Navy proposed. B-36 introduced. Air Force long-range atomic bomber.

Revolt of the Admirals - 1949: 

Revolt of the Admirals - 1949 Johnson cancels construction of USS United States. First “Super Carrier” of the fleet. Secretary of the Navy John Sullivan resigns in protest. Marine Corps squadrons cut. Air Force emerges as the dominant service. Congressional hearings on the B-36 bomber. Carl Vinson Chairman of House Armed Services Committee. CNO Admiral Louis Denfeld relieved of duties by Truman. Balanced forces strategy eventually accepted. Soviets detonate atomic bomb - 1950.

NATO: 

NATO Established in 1949. Military Alliance between U.S., Canada, and western Europe with a formal command structure. Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (Brussels, Belguim) U.S. Commander in Chief, European Command Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic (Norfolk, Virginia) U.S. Commander in Chief, Atlantic Command Warsaw Pact established by the Soviet Union to counter NATO in 1955 - includes eastern European communist states.

The Korean War: 

The Korean War Communist North Korea Soviets detonate A-bomb Kim Il Sung South Korea (Pro - U.S.) Syngman Rhee 25 June 1950 -- North Korea invades South Korea. Truman orders U.S. troops from Japan to defend S. Korea. United Nations Security Council Resolution - 27 June. Called upon member nations to “render such assistance to the Republic of Korea as may be necessary to repel the armed attack and to restore international peace and security to the area.” No veto - Soviet Union boycotts Security Council meeting. General Douglas MacArthur Commander in Chief - United Nations Command. Includes ships of the U.S. Seventh Fleet.

Course of the War - 1950: 

Course of the War - 1950 Fall of Seoul to North Korean Army. U.S. conventional forces inadequate to stop advance. Truman orders U.S./U.N. military response MacArthur wins support of U.S. leadership. 2-3 July 1950 Navy first on the scene USS Juneau USS Valley Forge and HMS Triumph Support Navy sends emergency reinforcement and supplies to hold Peninsula Navy battleships, cruisers, carriers and destroyers Navy and Marine Air: F9F Panther jets and F4U Corsairs U.S., British and Korean navy blockade N. Korean waters 1st Marine Division and 7th Infantry Division lands at Pusan Amphibious assault by UN forces, 15 Sept 1950

“Frozen” Chosin FirstMarine Division: 

“Frozen” Chosin First Marine Division Advances to the Chosin Reservoir. Attacked by seven Communist Chinese divisions. Soviet supplied mines sunk naval vessels/delayed 7th fleet Legendary retreat to Hungnam. General O.P. Smith “Gentlemen, we are not retreating. We are merely advancing in another direction.” Chesty Puller, ”We have the Chinese right where we want them. They’re all around us. Makes it easier for us to get them and kill them.” 100,000 troops and equipment evacuated by Seventh Fleet ships. Chinese intervention = fear of Nuke War!!!

Course of the War -- 1951-53: 

Course of the War -- 1951-53 Truman Refuses to use nukes. Are nukes practical in limited wars? MacArthur relieved of duty by Truman - 11 April 1951. Threatened bombing of China. Policy contradicted instructions from Truman. General Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur. Peace talks begin at Panmunjom. 1953 Armistice yields permanent division of Korea. Death of Stalin Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) established near 38th parallel. Marines lost 4,267 dead and 23,744 wounded. 42 receive Medal of Honor.

Korean WarNavy: 

Korean War Navy Naval decline reversed. Accelerated shipbuilding. Personnel strength doubled. Reactivation of mothballed World War II ships. Development begins on a new generation of ships: Forrestal-class carriers with jet aircraft. Nuclear-powered submarines: USS Nautilus. Power-projection capabilities of the U.S. Navy. Close Air Support Interdiction Amphibious Operations Logistics Strategic bombing/massive retaliation theory disproved.

Suez Crisis: 

Suez Crisis 1956: Egyptian President Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal. Britain and France Attacks on Egypt with Israel to regain control of canal. Soviet Union - aligned with Egypt. Hungarian uprising. Naval inferiority to U.S. fleet. U.S. diplomatic pressure on Britain, France, and Israel. U.S. controls sea lines of communication in Mediterranean. U.N. cease-fire brokered. Soviets begin to increase power in Middle East. Eisenhower Doctrine - 1957 U.S. will defend Middle East from Communist aggression.

Lebanon Crisis: 

Lebanon Crisis 1957: Soviets launch “Sputnik” shaking U.S. confidence 1958: Lebanese Civil War Communists supported by Syria. Ally of Soviet Union. Amphibious Landing of 6,000 Marines. Control of Beirut secured. Army and Air Force units unable to react. Demonstrated flexibility of U.S. naval forces. Sixth Fleet dominates the Mediterranean. Soviet Navy unable to influence events.

Nikita Khrushchev: 

Nikita Khrushchev Succeeded Stalin as Soviet premier after his death in 1953. Proposed “peaceful competition” between the superpowers. Challenged U.S. to meet Communist challenges in third world countries.

The Cold War Heats Up: 

The Cold War Heats Up The “Space Race”: Sputnik: First man-made satellite - 1957. Yuri Gagarin - First man in space - 1961. Kennedy - Apollo Program will land a man on the moon “before the decade is out.” Naval aviators chosen among first astronauts. The “Missile Gap”debate in 1960 U.S. Presidential election. U-2 Incident - 1960 Francis Gary Powers shot down over Soviet Union. Khrushchev's “We will bury you!” speech at the United Nations - 1960. Berlin Wall - 1961: Kennedy: “Ich bin ein Berliner.” - 1963.

Cuban Missile Crisis: 

Cuban Missile Crisis 1961 - “Bay of Pigs” Invasion: CIA-trained Cuban rebels landed by U.S. Navy. Defeated by Castro’s communists. 1962: Soviet nuclear missiles move to Cuba. Located by Air Force U-2 reconnaissance plane. Options for President Kennedy: Air strikes or invasion too risky - may start war. Blockade or “Quarantine” of missiles established by Navy. 22 Oct 62- fleet directed to block military shipments from Cuba. 24 Oct 62- Soviet Ships reverse course, only one boarded Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles.

Cuban Missile Crisis: 

Cuban Missile Crisis “Conventional engagement”—involving small ships No attack carriers directly involved, but global U.S. alert including carriers world-wide Soviet had no symmetrical, opposing forces No fleet action; no hostilities Khrushchev and Kennedy played crucial roles! Soviet naval policy reviewed. Need a more balanced Navy of surface, subsurface, and air forces to challenge U.S. for command of the seas.

Indochina: 

Former French colony. Japanese occupation - WW II. 1945: Ho Chi Minh founds Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Communist government. Reoccupied by French forces. 1947: Vietnamese war for independence begins. Vietnamese rural population supports Vietminh communists while French control cities. France appeals to U.S. for support. Truman approves military aid to French forces. 1954: Dien Bien Phu - French surrender to Vietminh. Eisenhower refuses to aid French with carrier strikes. Operation “Passage to Freedom” SEATO established Vietnam divided between communist North and South. U.S. military advisors to South Vietnam. Indochina

American Involvement in Vietnam: 

American Involvement in Vietnam French imperialism in Indochina: Dilemma for U.S. policymakers: Supporting colonialism versus opposing the spread of communism. Vietnam split into North and South at 17th parallel in 1954. Cambodia and Laos become independent states. Viet Cong communist rebels in the South backed by the North. U.S. support to South Vietnam: Gradual buildup of military / CIA advisors (1954-1963). Opposition to communist incursion from the North. Part of U.S. Cold War “Containment” strategy. Kennedy increases number of U.S. advisors to 17,000 by 1963. President Diem assassinated - military government installed.

Robert S. McNamara: 

Robert S. McNamara Secretary of Defense in Kennedy and Johnson Administrations. Use of mathematical models to calculate required military force in Vietnam. Attempted to avoid escalation of the war by putting restrictions on military operations.

Tonkin Gulf Incident - 1964 : 

Tonkin Gulf Incident - 1964 U.S. Seventh Fleet operating off Vietnam coast. Surveillance and covert operations against North Vietnam. Destroyers USS Maddox and USS Turner Joy: Night attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats reported. Evidence supports North Vietnam’s claim that no torpedo boats were present in the area. Carrier strikes ordered in retaliation. Tonkin Gulf Resolution: LBJ requests authority from Congress to increase U.S. involvement. Congressional approval for the President to take “all necessary measures to repel any armed attack” in Vietnam. Strikes ended quickly because of Pres. Johnson’s desire to remain a “peace candidate.”

“Rolling Thunder”: 

“Rolling Thunder” Theory: punish north until it stops supporting V.C. in South Reality: lasted intermittently un 31 OCT 68 Interrupted by 7 bombing halts which North used to rebuild 304,000 fighter bombers and 2,380 B-52 sorties Evaluation

Slide31: 

Coastal Patrol Force: Operation “Market Time” (March 1965- December 1972)

“Market Time”: 

“Market Time” Coastal interdiction of supplies moved from N. Vietnam to South Vietnam by small boats, etc. Improvised Force 84 PCF armed with .50 cal machine guns and 81-mm mortar. Destroyers, destroyer escorts, minesweepers Coast Guard Cutters Not unlike North’s blockade during Civil War

Brown Water Navy: 

Brown Water Navy Deny use of Mekong River and tributaries Specially designed and improvised small craft 50 FT, aluminum hull fast patrol craft (PCFs), .50 cal and 81-mm 31 ft, fiberglass, river patrol boat. ~ 25 knots Monitors, armored troop carriers (ATC) Highly Dangerous Less effective and more costly than coastal interdiction Turned over to S. Vietnamese during “Vietnamization” in Feb 69 Naval Command Structure, Apr 66: Creation of “U.S. Naval Forces, Vietnam”

Slide34: 

S. Viet “Junk Boat Force” operating during Market Time Certain evaluation: Forced North Vietnam to expand and rely more heavily on the overland Ho Chi Minh Trail running south through Laos and Cambodia.

Slide35: 

Mobile Riverine Force of the “Brown Water Navy” Operation “Game Warden” (December 1965- September 1968

Slide36: 

River Patrol Boat

Slide37: 

Huey Landing on ATC

Slide38: 

Monitor leading ATCs

Slide39: 

Assault Support Patrol Boat…..sinking…

Slide40: 

SEALS on a Assault Boat on Mekong Delta

Tet Offensive -- January 1968: 

Tet Offensive -- January 1968 Conceived by N. Vietnam’s General Vo Nguyen Giap, architect of Dien Bien Phu (1954 defeat of France) Combine attack by N Vietnamese and Vietcong Goal: popular uprising (failed) Achieve Dien Bien Phu- like tactical battlefield victory for propaganda purposes Scope Struck at 36 of 44 provincial capital and military bases (most notably, Hue and Khe Sanh) 100 other villages

Marines in the Tet Offensive: 

Marines in the Tet Offensive Hue City Ancient capital of Vietnam. Held by North Vietnamese and Viet Cong for 26 days. Retaken by Marines and South Vietnamese forces. Street fighting from house to house. Khe Sanh Important base in northern South Vietnam near DMZ. 6,000 Marines under siege by 20,000 North Vietnamese Army regular troops. Supplied by air drops and supported with air strikes. Eventually abandoned.

Hue City: 

Hue City

Khe Sanh: 

Khe Sanh

Vietnamization: 

Vietnamization Turning over the war to S. Vietnamese with withdrawing American forces as quickly as possible U.S. forces reduced from over 500,000 combat/combat support to a handful of advisors. Hanoi signed Paris Accords (Jan 1973) calling for cease-fire throughout S. Vietnam and release of POWs Nixon opens to China and conducts arms limitation summit with Moscow Peace negotiations in Paris - Henry Kissinger. U.S. withdraws forces from South Vietnam. North Vietnam agrees to allow South Vietnam to decide government in a free election and to release American POWs. Linebacker II - Christmas 1972. Massive bombing campaign against North Vietnam.

Watching South Vietnam Go Under (1973-1975): 

Watching South Vietnam Go Under (1973-1975) Congress rejected any further military intervention in Southeast Asia and refused to appropriate the full $1 billion in military aid promised South Vietnam by the Nixon administration 30 April 1975: North Vietnamese forces overran South Vietnam; South Vietnam’s president proclaimed unconditional surrender; U.S. Embassy in Saigon evacuated, the final few Americans leaving by helicopter from the Embassy’s roof. In operations Eagle Pull and Frequent Wind, 7th Fleet evacuates remaining Americans and foreign nationals