discourse

LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL CONTEXT : 

LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL CONTEXT CULTURE SITUATION IDEOLOGY phonology Phonology/ Graphology/ Sign (Discourse) Semantics Lexicogrammar Field Tenor Mode Ideation/ Conjunction Negotiation Identification Transitivity/ Ergativity Mood Theme/ Rheme Ideational Function Textual Function Interpersonal Function

Discourse and Pragmatics : 

Discourse and Pragmatics discourse: content of language use in natural setting text: form of language use in natural setting pragmatics: meaning created by language user discourse text content form meaning expression sociology linguistics coherence cohesion Discourse or Text are characterized by the unity of its texture cohesion coherence

Participant Identification : 

Participant Identification Participant is retrieved by reference, which includes Pronouns (I, he, she, we, us, our, ours….) Demonstratives (this, that, the, here, there…) Comparative ‘Meaning’ Participants Circumstance ‘near the speaker’ this—these here ‘far from the speaker’ that—those there ‘not near nor far’ (‘you know what I mean’) the yonder (archaic) Comparative other, another, the other, the same, the like, the contrast, such as, in contrast, (degrees of comparison) are used to compare one participant to/with another.

Types of Reference Phoricity : 

Types of Reference Phoricity Reminding: pronouns. Ali came last week; he brought with him the letter. Relevance indicates: ‘you know my relevant aspect’: comparative. The boy has a cat. Here is another cat. Redundancy: substitution, the demonstrative that is redundancy The man said that he would come but no one believes that.

Reference System : 

Reference System Reference system is described in terms three criteria as the following. Participant may be introduced in the first time (presenting reference) or mentioned subsequently (presuming reference) Reference may belong to a generic class or specific individual. Reference may be comparative or not. Ali goes to school early in the morning. He rides on his bicycle. Ali = [presenting/specific/-comparison] He = [presuming/specific/-comparison] Snakes are reptiles. Lots of snakes are kept in the zoo. Some of them are poisonous but the other snakes are not. snakes = [generic/presenting/-comparison] lots of snakes = [specific/presenting/-comparison] some of them = [specific/presuming/-comparison] the other snakes = [specific/presuming/+comparison]

Retrieval Systems : 

Retrieval Systems Homophora (reference to the context of culture), which is a participant identification with reference to the interlocutor’s membership in a particular society. This is inherently ‘given’ within the cultural system of the community. In the moon was shining when they came, reference the refers to an object which is identified in the culture of the English speaking community. The following references are homophoric: the sun, the moon (English speakers), the president, the governor (nations), the premier, the Department of Education (states), the director, the shareholders (business), the secretary, the photocopier (offices), the car, the baby, the cat (families). Exophora (reference to the non-verbal context), which is a participant identification with reference to the context of situation, specifically to the non-verbal context. In the clauses pass me that knife, will you? and did you see the man, that knife and the man are exophoric references since the identities are retrievable from the context of situations of the interlocutors.

Retrieval Systems : 

Retrieval Systems Endophora (reference to the co-text), which is participant identification with reference to the linguistic context, namely to what is written or uttered by the interlocutors. In the text Ali bought a car, then he sold it to his brother, he and it refer to Ali and a car, which are identifiable form the previous clause. In other words, the identity of he and it are traceable from the written text. Anaphora (reference to the preceding co-text), which is a participant identification with reference to the preceding clauses. In the text we met some people there, and they wanted to buy something to eat, they refers to some people which precedes it. Esphora, which is a reference to participant within the same nominal group. In the clause the people we met there wanted to get something, reference the people is esphoric reference. Cataphora, which is a reference to the participant in the following clause as although he was vary young, Ali was wise, where he refers to Ali in the following clause.

Steps in the Analysis : 

Steps in the Analysis The text is separated or analyzed into clauses. The clauses are lined up and numbered by which a reference is located on the basis of the clause number. The references are written down and lined up on the basis of their occurrences in the clauses. Each reference found is put in a chain and linked by a vertical line. The line of reference is known as reference chain.

The text : 

The text Last week Ali went to the zoo. There he saw animals. He saw monkeys, crocodiles, emus, tigers, elephants, camels and giraffes. His favourite was the monkeys. They swing on ropes from one side of the cage to others. The emus are very big like camels. Ali spent half a day there and then he went back home.

Analysis : 

Analysis last week Ali went to the zoo. there he saw animals. he saw monkeys, crocodiles, emus, tigers, elephants, camels and giraffes. his favourite was the monkeys. they swing on ropes from one side of the cage to others. the emus are very big like camels. Ali spent half a day there and then he went back home.

Reference Chain : 

Reference Chain Ali the zoo. 2. he there 3. he monkeys emus 4. his the (monkeys) they the (emus) 7. Ali there 8. he four reference chains one densely chained—major two moderately chained one minor

Text : 

Text Smoking is inhaling smokes from burning cigarettes. The practice causes disadvantages to health, welfare and environment. Firstly, it is hazardous to health. Because of breathing in poisonous smoke a smoker often has respiratory problems or diseases such as coughs, tuberculosis or lung cancer. Not only does smoking cause risk to the smoker himself/herself but it is harmful to other people around (the passive smokers) as well. For example, the passive smoker such as the fetus in a womb of pregnant woman can have equal amount of nicotine as that is in its smoking mother’s blood. Secondly, smoking causes economical disadvantage. The smokers are normally sicky so they have low-productivity activity. Therefore, they are disadvantageous to economy. It has been estimated that almost 87% smokers produce low-productivity activities. Thirdly, smoking litters the surroundings. Smokers send huge amount of smoke into the atmosphere. Cigarette butts are thrown away carelessly everywhere. In conclusion, as smoking is disadvantageous to people, economy and environment it is suggested that the practice should be banned.

Analysis : 

Analysis smoking is inhaling smokes from burning cigarettes. the practice causes disadvantages to health, welfare and environment. firstly, it is hazardous to health. because of breathing in poisonous smoke a smoker often has respiratory problems or diseases such as coughs, tuberculosis or lung cancer. not only does smoking cause risk to the smoker himself/herself but it is harmful to other people around (the passive smokers) as well. for example, the passive smoker such as the fetus in a womb of pregnant woman can have equal amount of nicotine as that is in its smoking mother’s blood. secondly, smoking causes economical disadvantage. the smokers are normally sicky so they have low-productivity activity. therefore, they are disadvantageous to economy. it has been estimated that almost 87% smokers produce low-productivity activities. thirdly, smoking litters the surroundings. smokers send huge amount of smoke into the atmosphere. cigarette butts are thrown away carelessly everywhere. in conclusion, as smoking is disadvantageous to people, economy and environment it is suggested that the practice should be banned.

Analysis : 

Analysis smoking the practice it it the they they the parctice