Practical Temperature  Measurements: Practical Temperature Measurements 001 Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Agenda: Agenda A1 Background, history Mechanical sensors Electrical sensors Optical Pyrometer RTD Thermistor, IC Thermocouple Summary & Examples Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


What is Temperature?: What is Temperature? A scalar quantity that determines the direction of heat flow between two bodies A statistical measurement A difficult measurement A mostly empirical measurement 002 Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


How is heat transferred?: How is heat transferred? 003 Conduction Convection Radiation Metal coffee cup Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


The Dewar : The Dewar 004 Glass is a poor conductor Gap reduces conduction Metallization reflects radiation Vacuum reduces convection Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Thermal Mass: Thermal Mass 005 Don't let the measuring device change the temperature of what you're measuring. Response time = f{Thermal mass} f{Measuring device} Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Temperature errors: Temperature errors 006 97.6 98.6 99.6 36.5 37 37.5 What is YOUR normal temperature? Thermometer accuracy, resolution Contact time Thermal mass of thermometer, tongue Human error in reading Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


History of temperature sensors: History of temperature sensors 007 1600 ad 1700 ad Galileo: First temp. sensor pressure-sensitive not repeatable Early thermometers Not repeatable No good way to calibrate Fahrenheit Instrument Maker 12*8=96 points Hg: Repeatable One standard scale Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


The 1700's: Standardization: The 1700's: Standardization 008 1700 ad 1800 ad Celsius: Common, repeatable calibration reference points Thomson effect Absolute zero "Centigrade" scale Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


1821: It was a very good year: 1821: It was a very good year 009 1800 ad 1900 ad The Seebeck effect Pt 100 @ O deg.C Davy: The RTD Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


The 1900's: Electronic sensors: The 1900's: Electronic sensors 010 1900 ad Thermistor 2000 ad 1 uA/K IC sensor IPTS 1968 "Degree Kelvin">> "kelvins" "Centigrade">> " Celsius" IPTS 1990 Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Temperature scales: Temperature scales 011 -273.15 Absolute zero 0 -459.67 0 Celsius Kelvin Fahrenheit Rankine 0 273.15 32 427.67 100 373.15 212 671.67 "Standard" is "better": Reliable reference points Easy to understand Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


IPTS '90: More calibration points: IPTS '90: More calibration points 012 273.16: TP H2O 83.8058: TP Ar 54.3584: TP O2 24.5561: TP Ne 20.3: BP H2 17 Liq/vapor H2 13.81 TP H2 Large gap 1234.93: FP Ag 1337.33: FP Au 692.677: FP Zn 429.7485: FP In 234.3156: TP Hg 302.9146: MP Ga 505.078: FP Sn 933.473: FP Al 1357.77: FP Cu 3 to 5: Vapor He Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Agenda: Agenda A2 Background, history Mechanical sensors Electrical sensors Optical Pyrometer RTD Thermistor, IC Thermocouple Summary & Examples Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Bimetal thermometer: Bimetal thermometer 013 Two dissimilar metals, tightly bonded Forces due to thermal expansion Result Bimetallic thermometer Poor accuracy Hysteresis Thermal expansion causes big problems in other designs: IC bonds Mechanical interference Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Liquid thermometer; Paints: Liquid thermometer; Paints 014 Liquid-filled thermometer Accurate over a small range Accuracy & resolution= f(length) Range limited by liquid Fragile Large thermal mass Slow Thermally-sensitive paints Irreversible change Low resolution Useful in hard-to-measure areas Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Agenda: Agenda A3 Background, history Mechanical sensors Electrical sensors Optical Pyrometer RTD Thermistor, IC Thermocouple Summary & Examples Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Optical Pyrometer: Optical Pyrometer 015 Infrared Radiation-sensitive Photodiode or photoresistor Accuracy= f{emissivity} Useful @ very high temperatures Non-contacting Very expensive Not very accurate Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Agenda: Agenda A4 Background, history Mechanical sensors Electrical sensors Optical Pyrometer RTD Thermistor, IC Thermocouple Summary & Examples Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Resistance Temperature Detector: Resistance Temperature Detector 016 Most accurate & stable Good to 800 degrees Celsius Resistance= f{Absolute T} Self-heating a problem Low resistance Nonlinear Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


RTD Equation: RTD Equation R=Ro(1+aT) - Ro(ad(.01T)(.01T-1)) Ro=100 @ O C a= 0.00385 / - C d= 1.49 017 R= 100 Ohms @ O C Callendar-Van Deusen Equation: 0 200 400 600 800 R T 300 200 100 Nonlinearity For T>OC: for Pt Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Measuring an RTD: 2-wire method: Measuring an RTD: 2-wire method d 018 R= Iref*(Rx + 2* Rlead) Error= 2 /.385= more than 5 degrees C for 1 ohm Rlead! Self-heating: For 0.5 V signal, I= 5mA; P=.5*.005=2.5 mwatts @ 1 mW/deg C, Error = 2.5 deg C! Moral: Minimize Iref; Use 4-wire method If you must use 2-wire, NULL out the lead resistance 100 Rlead V - + I ref= 5 mA Pt Rx Rlead Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


The 4-Wire technique: The 4-Wire technique 019 R= Iref * Rx Error not a function of R in source or sense leads No error due to changes in lead R Twice as much wire Twice as many scanner channels Usually slower than 2-wire 100 Rlead=1 V - + I ref= 5 mA Rx Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Offset compensation: Offset compensation 020 Eliminates thermal voltages Measure V without I applied Measure V I applied R= V I With 100 V - + I ref (switched) Voffset Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Bridge method: Bridge method 021 High resolution (DMM stays on most sensitive range) Nonlinear output Bridge resistors too close to heat source 100 Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


3-Wire bridge: 3-Wire bridge 022 1000 100 100 1000 Keeps bridge away from heat source Break DMM lead (dashed line); connect to RTD through 3rd "sense" wire If Rlead 1= Rlead 2, sense wire makes error small Series resistance of sense wire causes no error Rlead 1 Rlead 2 Sense wire 3-Wire PRTD Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Agenda: Agenda A5 Background, history Mechanical sensors Electrical sensors Optical Pyrometer RTD Thermistor, IC Thermocouple Summary & Examples Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Electrical sensors: Thermistor: Electrical sensors: Thermistor Hi-Z; Sensitive: 5 k @ 25C; R = 4%/deg C 023 5k V - + I= 0.1 mA 2-Wire method: R= I * (Rthmr + 2*Rlead) Lead R Error= 2 /400= 0.005 degrees C Low thermal mass: High self-heating Very nonlinear Rlead=1 Rlead=1 Limited range Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


I.C. Sensor: I.C. Sensor d + - 024 I= 1 uA/K 5V 100 960 = 1mV/K AD590 High output Very linear Accurate @ room ambient Limited range Cheap Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Summary: Absolute T devices: Summary: Absolute T devices 025 Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Agenda: Agenda A6 Background, history Mechanical sensors Electrical sensors Optical Pyrometer RTD Thermistor, IC Thermocouple Summary & Examples Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Thermocouples The Gradient Theory: Thermocouples The Gradient Theory 026 The WIRE is the sensor, not the junction The Seebeck coefficient (e) is a function of temperature Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Making a thermocouple: Making a thermocouple 027 Two wires make a thermocouple Voltage output is nonzero if metals are not the same + e dT Ta Tx A B Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Gradient theory also says...: Gradient theory also says... 028 If wires are the same type, or if there is one wire, and both ends are at the same temperature, output= Zero. + e dT = 0 Ta Tx A A Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Now try to measure it:: Now try to measure it: Result: 3 unequal junctions, all at unknown temperatures 029 Theoretically, Vab= f{Tx-Tab} But, try to measure it with a DMM: Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Solution: Reference Thermocouple: Solution: Reference Thermocouple 030 Problems: a) 3 different thermocouples, b) 3 unknown temperatures Solutions: a) Add an opposing thermocouple b) Use a known reference temp. Isothermal block Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


The Classical Method: The Classical Method 031 Cu V Cu Fe Tref = 0 C Con Fe Tx o If both Cu junctions are at same T, the two "batteries" cancel Tref is an ice bath (sometimes an electronic ice bath) All T/C tables are referenced to an ice bath V= f{Tx-Tref} Question: How can we eliminate the ice bath? Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Eliminating the ice bath: Eliminating the ice bath 032 Tref Don't force Tref to icepoint, just measure it Compensate for Tref mathematically: V=f{ Tx - Tref } If we know Tref , we can compute Tx. Tice Tice Tice Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Eliminating the second T/C: Eliminating the second T/C 033 Extend the isothermal block If isothermal, V1-V2=0 Cu V Cu Con Fe Tx Tref Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series Tref


The Algorithm for one T/C: The Algorithm for one T/C Measure Tref: RTD, IC or thermistor Tref ==> Vref @ O C for Type J(Fe-C) Know V, Know Vref: Compute Vx Solve for using Vx Tx 034 0 Tref Vx Vref Tx Compute Vx=V+Vref V o o Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Linearization: Linearization 035 Polynomial: T=a +a V +a V +a V +.... a V Nested (faster): T=a +V(a +V(a +V(a +.......))))))))) Small sectors (faster): T=T +bV+cV Lookup table: Fastest, most memory 2 1 2 3 2 0 1 2 3 3 9 9 0 0 0 Tref Tx o V T Small sectors Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Common Thermocouples: Common Thermocouples 036 Platinum T/Cs Base Metal T/Cs All have Seebeck coefficients in MICROvolts/deg.C Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Common Thermocouples: Common Thermocouples 037 Seebeck Coeff: uV/C Type Metals J K T S E N Fe-Con Ni-Cr Cu-Con Pt/Rh-Pt Ni/Cr-Con Ni/Cr/Si-Ni/Si 50 40 38 10 59 39 Microvolt output is a tough measurement Type "N" is fairly new.. more rugged and higher temp. than type K, but still cheap Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Extension Wires: Extension Wires 038 Large extension wires Small diameter measurement wires Possible problem here Extension wires are cheaper, more rugged, but not exactly the same characteristic curve as the T/C. Keep extension/TC junction near room temperature Where is most of the signal generated in this circuit? Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Noise: DMM Glossary: Noise: DMM Glossary 039 Normal Mode: In series with input Common Mode: Both HI and LO terminals driven equally Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Generating noise: Generating noise 040 Normal Mode Large surface area, high Rlead: Max. static coupling Large loop area: Max. magnetic coupling Large R lead, small R leak: Max. common mode noise Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Eliminating noise: Eliminating noise 041 Normal Mode dc SIGNAL Filter, shielding, small loop area (Caution: filter slows down the measurement) Make R leak close to Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Magnetic Noise: Magnetic Noise 042 Magnetic coupling DMM Input Resistance Induced I Minimize area Twist leads Move away from strong fields Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Reducing Magnetic Noise: Reducing Magnetic Noise 043 Equal and opposite induced currents DMM Input Resistance Even with twisted pair: Minimize area Move away from strong fields Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Electrostatic noise: Electrostatic noise 044 DMM Input Resistance Stray capacitance causes I noise DMM resistance to ground is important Stray resistances AC Noise source Stray capacitances Inoise Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Reducing Electrostatic Coupling: Reducing Electrostatic Coupling 045 Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


A scanning system for T/Cs: A scanning system for T/Cs OHMs Conv. 046 HI LO Floating Circuitry Grounded Circuitry Isolators uP uP To Computer ROM Lookup Integrating A/D One thermistor, multiple T/C channels Noise reduction CPU linearizes T/C DMM must be very high quality Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Errors in the system: Errors in the system OHMs Conv. 047 HI LO Floating Circuitry Grounded Circuitry Isolators uP uP ROM Lookup Integrating A/D Thermal emf Linearization algorithm Reference Thermistor Ohms measurement Ref. Thermistor cal, linearity T/C Calibration & Wire errors Ref. Block Thermal gradient DMM offset, linearity, thermal emf, noise Extension wire junction error Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Physical errors: Physical errors 048 Shorts, shunt impedance Galvanic action Decalibration Sensor accuracy Thermal contact Thermal shunting Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Physical Errors: Physical Errors 049 Water droplets cause galvanic action; huge offsets Hot spot causes shunt Z, meter shows the WRONG temperature Exceeding the T/C's range can cause permanent offset Real T/C's have absolute accuracy of 1 deg C @ 25C: Calibrate often and take care Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Physical error: Thermal contact: Physical error: Thermal contact 050 Surface probe Make sure thermal mass is much smaller than that of object being measured Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Physical errors: Decalibration: Physical errors: Decalibration 051 1000 C 200 C 300 C 350 C 975 C 100 C This section produces the ENTIRE signal Don't exceed Tmax of T/C Temp. cycling causes work-hardening, decalibration Replace the GRADIENT section Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Agenda: Agenda A7 Background, history Mechanical sensors Electrical sensors Optical Pyrometer RTD Thermistor, IC Thermocouple Summary & Examples Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


The basic 4 temperature sensors: The basic 4 temperature sensors 052 Thermocouple Wide variety Cheap Wide T. range No self-heating Hard to measure Relative T. only Nonlinear Special connectors Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Summary: Summary 053 Innovation by itself is not enough... you must develop standards Temperature is a very difficult, mostly empirical measurement Careful attention to detail is required Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series


Examples: Examples 054 Hewlett-Packard Classroom Series