Anthropology.2009

Philosophical Anthropology : 

Philosophical Anthropology Psychology

How does man think? : 

How does man think? Philosophy is interested in being. Man is the highest in the order of material beings. How is the process of learning, thinking, memorizing? How do we take decisions? What is man? What is it that makes us different from other living beings? It leads us to know how man functions in the spiritual realm as well.

Where do we begin? (I) : 

Where do we begin? (I) LIFE Nutrition Growth Reproduction Response and Movement Common to vegetables, animals, man.

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Where do we begin? (II) Response and Movement Stimulus / Input Response / Output

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Where do we begin? (III) Response and Movement Stimulus / Input Response / Output Ability to receive, to assess & process input Ability to react & respond to input

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Where do we begin? (IV) Ability to receive, to assess & process input Ability to react & respond to input Cognitive abilities Response or orectic abilities

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Where do we begin? (V) Ability to receive, to assess & process input Ability to react & respond to input Cognitive abilities Response or orectic abilities Cognitive abilities Response or orectic abilities

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*Also called “appetites”, “inclinations” or “tendencies”. Where do we begin? (VI) Cognitive abilities Response or orectic abilities* Acts Acts (Potencies) (Potencies)

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Where do we begin? (VII) Cognitive abilities Response or orectic abilities Acts Acts Common sense ? Imagination ? Memory ? Estimative /Cogitative*? Concupiscible appetite ? Irascible appetite ? Intellect ? Will ? External Senses Motor Powers *or Particular Reason. In animals estimative power or instinct.

HUMAN ACTIVITY : 

HUMAN ACTIVITY Since man is not perfect by the mere fact of being a man, he has to perfect himself: though his intelligence and his will (his superior faculties). Human acts flow from the essence of man, and perfect him in his very being. Dignity of man: freedom to reach his perfection

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Here’s an overview Cognitive abilities Response or orectic abilities Acts Acts Common sense Imagination Memory Cogitative* Concupiscible appetite Irascible appetite

Process of understanding : 

Process of understanding Simple apprehension: looking at the essences of things. Judgment: making statements about them Reasoning: drawing conclusions from those statements. The truth of the mind is the effect of the truth of being. TRUTH: “agreement of the mind with reality.

Understanding begins with the senses : 

Understanding begins with the senses 1. Coordinating sense or consciousness 2. Memory 3. Imagination 4. Instinct (aestimare) Once the senses are actuated by material reality they produce the sensible experience: phantasm (composed by the external & internal senses).

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What is Common Sense? Cognitive abilities Acts Common sense 1. Discriminates particular input of each external sense. 2. Unites / Combines them into perceptual wholes. 3. Perceives aspects of object which simultaneously affect several senses. 4. Distinguishes between input from external sense and that from imagination.

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How do we Remember? Cognitive abilities Acts Memory Re-presents images or phantasms of previously-sensed object in its absence within a perceptual experience and a definite temporal context. Identifies past as past.

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How do we Imagine? Cognitive abilities Acts Imagination 1. Re-presents images or phantasms of previously-sensed object in its absence: reproductive imagination 2. Elaborates images or phantasms of things never actually perceived by the senses, drawing from previous sensations: creative imagination

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Instinct Cognitive abilities Acts Discerns whether an object is useful or harmful, based on the images produced by the other senses. In man, provides the link between sense knowledge and intellectual knowledge. Cogitative, or Particular Reason. Estimative or Instinct. Power to feel the good or ill of the sensible experience

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An appetite for... Response or orectic abilities Acts Concupiscible appetite, inclination, or tendency Irascible appetite, inclination, or tendency Object Goods difficult to attain or acquire: arduous goods Goods not difficult to acquire, and give pleasure: pleasurable goods PASSIONS Passion=Emotion=Feeling=Sentiment

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How do we know? INTELLIGENCE Cognitive abilities Response or orectic abilities Acts Acts Common sense Imagination Memory Cogitative Intellect ? ? ? ? ?

Elaboration of a concept : 

Elaboration of a concept Understanding begins with the senses Abstraction: from the sensible to the intelligible. Impression of the intelligible form on the intellect. The act of understanding. Concepts.

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How do we know? INTELLIGENCE Cognitive abilities Common sense Imagination Memory Cogitative Intellect IMAGE/PHANTASM IMAGE/PHANTASM Abstraction: from the sensible to the intelligible (The intelligence grasps the essence)

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How do we know? INTELLIGENCE IMAGE/PHANTASM Sensible or observable species or forms Intelligible species or forms Particular Individual Singular Universal Contingent Necessary Accidental Essential “Laksa”

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How do we know? Cognitive abilities Common sense Imagination Memory Cogitative Intellect IMAGE/PHANTASM IMAGE/PHANTASM

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How do we know? Cognitive abilities Common sense Imagination Memory Cogitative Intellect IMAGE/PHANTASM IMAGE/PHANTASM

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How do we know? Cognitive abilities Common sense Imagination Memory Cogitative Intellect IMAGE/PHANTASM IMAGE/PHANTASM IMAGE/PHANTASM

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How do we know? Cognitive abilities Intellect IMAGE/PHANTASM Agent intellect Possible intellect Impressed species

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How do we know? Cognitive abilities Intellect IMAGE/PHANTASM Agent intellect Possible intellect Impressed species Expressed species: IDEA CONCEPT NOTION This is ideogenesis--the genesis of the idea.

CONCEPTS : 

CONCEPTS They are different from material and individual things. 1. Universal 2. Abstracted (reduced to their essences, separated from the incidentals) 3. Immaterial.

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How do we know? Cognitive abilities Intellect IMAGE/PHANTASM Expressed species: IDEA CONCEPT NOTION A B S T R C A T C O N C E T E R

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How do we know? Cognitive abilities Intellect IMAGE/PHANTASM Expressed species: IDEA CONCEPT NOTION A B S T R C A T C O N C E T E R Conversio ad phantasmata or turning back to the images.

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What the intellect does... Cognitive abilities Intellect Acts Simple Apprehension Judgement Reasoning

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Here’s an overview--again! Cognitive abilities Response or orectic abilities Acts Acts Common sense Imagination Memory Cogitative Concupiscible appetite Irascible appetite Intellect Will External Senses Motor Powers

Judgment : 

Judgment It is the second operation of the intelligence: affirming or denying. Puts together many elements in a single act. It maybe either true or false (depending whether it agrees with reality or not). Possibility of error // or falsehood (intentional) Truth & certainty (subjective state: depending on evidence or authority of the witness).

Judgment : 

Judgment Discursive process of reasoning. INTUS-LEGERE. REFLECTION, SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS (inner life of man). KNOWLEDGE enriches man (more being, more act).

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How do we decide: WILL Response or orectic abilities Acts Concupiscible appetite Irascible appetite Will Concupiscent love: EROS Concupiscent love: EROS Benevolent love: PHILIA Christian love: AGAPE

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Here’s a partial overview Cognitive abilities Response or orectic abilities Acts Acts Common sense Imagination Memory Cogitative Concupiscible appetite Irascible appetite

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The influence of the passions in moral life PASSIONS ARE: movements of the sensitive appetites (irascible and concupiscible) that incline us to act or not to act in regard to something felt or imagined to be good or evil (CCC 1763). "emotions", "sentiments", "feelings” a) love and hatred b) desire and aversion c) hope and despair d) courage and fear e) joy/pleasure and sadness/sorrow f) anger

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IrascibilityWhen you’re challenged... Response or orectic abilities Acts Irascible appetite, inclination, or tendency Object Good not yet possessed, evil in the way Passion=Emotion=Feeling=Sentiment Hope Despair Evil not yet avoided or overcome Courage Fear Anger Evil over- comes one

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What moves you... ConcupiscencesSensitive emotions Response or orectic abilities Acts Concupiscible appetite, inclination, or tendency Object Good seen Passion=Emotion=Feeling=Sentiment Love Hatred Desire Aversion Sorrow Evil seen Good absent Evil absent Good present Evil present Joy

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The influence of the passions in moral life: - They are good when they contribute to a good action; evil in the opposite case. - They have to be controlled by reason and by one’s will. Selfishness succumbs to disordered passions or uses them for evil

MONITORING YOUR ANGER : 

MONITORING YOUR ANGER Problems controlling your temper? You may feel as if your anger comes on suddenly and as if it comes from out of nowhere. It might seem that before you even have a chance to realize that you are feeling angry, you find yourself acting aggressively and doing or saying things that you later regret.

MONITORING YOUR ANGER : 

MONITORING YOUR ANGER The good news is - there are things that you can do to get control over your anger. Learn to monitor it. Learning to monitor your anger takes time. Learn to recognize that you are getting angry before you become so angry that you can't control yourself. Learn to think in terms of an "anger meter", with your anger being on a scale between 1 to 10, instead of thinking of anger as "all or nothing".

MONITORING YOUR ANGER : 

MONITORING YOUR ANGER Irritation, annoyance, frustration and many other feelings are actually lower level anger and are easier to control than more intense anger. If you can learn to keep these lower level angers from turning into stronger anger or rage. In your "anger log", write down things that made you angry during the day and then rate the level of anger you felt between a 1 and a 10.

MONITORING YOUR ANGER : 

MONITORING YOUR ANGER Make sure you include small things, like getting irritated waiting in a short line for example. If you can learn to recognize these smaller angers then you can have some warning and not feel like you will suddenly blow up. ASCETICAL STRUGGLE AND THE HELP OF THE GRACE.

WARNING SIGNS OF YOUR ANGER : 

WARNING SIGNS OF YOUR ANGER Physical signs: things that you can notice inside your own body, like tense muscles, tunnel vision, feeling flush, clenching your jaw or trembling. Behavioral signs: things that someone watching you might notice, like pacing, your voice getting louder, turning red or clenching your fists. Thinking signs: ways that your thoughts start to change, like having thoughts of revenge, using more bad words in your self-talk or having violent fantasies.

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Here’s a partial overview Cognitive abilities Response or orectic abilities Acts Acts Common sense Imagination Memory Cogitative Concupiscible appetite Irascible appetite

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SEEKS TRUTH SEEKS GOOD BRINGS THE OBJECT KNOWN TO THE KNOWER’S LEVEL BRINGS THE LOVER TO THE LOVED OBJECT’S LEVEL

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When an act is free…* (I) Intellect Will INTENTION *the genesis of the voluntary act (or how a voluntary act comes about) CHOICE OF MEANS EXECUTION

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When an act is free…* (II) Intellect Will INTENTION *the genesis of the voluntary act (or how a voluntary act comes about) Simple apprehension of some good. Non-deliberate, non-voluntary inclination to good perceived. Judges whether object is good for one here and now. Approves or disapproves; if it approves, commands to search for means. 1 2 3 4

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When an act is free…* (III) Intellect Will MEANS *the genesis of the voluntary act (or how a voluntary act comes about) Searches for all means possible. Moves on to step 8 if only one seen. Approves or disapproves, and commands search for the best means. Seeks out the most ideal means to the end. Approves or disapproves, commands to plan for execution. 5 6 7 8

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When an act is free…* (IV) Intellect Will EXECUTION *the genesis of the voluntary act (or how a voluntary act comes about) Plans and orders acts for execution. Commands all faculties involved to execute. Executes command, together with other faculties involved. Enjoys the possession of the good. 9 10 11 12

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“You shall know the truth…” Intellect Will TRUTH GOOD = = BEING LAW FREEDOM “...and the truth shall make you free.”

THE HUMAN SOUL : 

THE HUMAN SOUL What makes man to be a man is not to have a body, or life, or emotions (animals have them), but to have intelligence and freedom (spiritual powers). SOUL= substantial form of man (what makes man to be a man), principle of life; actualizes the body & its potencies. SOUL can subsist by itself. Soul cannot come from the body, nor from souls of parents. Soul cannot die, it is immortal. Union body & soul is substantial (man is a single substance, with union of activity). Body & soul form a single BEING. Souls are created for their respective bodies (unique, unrepeatable)

Non rational souls : 

Non rational souls Souls of plants and animals depend entirely on their bodies. So when these break down, they cease to be. Their souls are just principles of life, but not subsistent (it cannot live separated from the body).

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you have been watching ...

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Yourself. the end