ENGINEERING YOUR FUTURE : ENGINEERING YOUR FUTURE An Introduction to Engineering:
A Comprehensive Approach
CHAPTER 1 : CHAPTER 1 The History of Engineering
1.1 Introduction : 1.1 Introduction Definition of Engineering
The profession in which knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice, is applied with judgment to develop ways to use, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.
1.2 Getting Started : 1.2 Getting Started Prehistoric Culture
Our Computer Age
The Speed of History
Quick Overview
1.3 The Beginnings of Engineering : 1.3 The Beginnings of Engineering The Earliest Days
Egypt and Mesopotamia (add picture)**
1.3 Pictures of Pyramids : 1.3 Pictures of Pyramids
1.4 The Overview Approach : 1.4 The Overview Approach Engineering the Temples of Greece
The Roman Roads and Aqueducts
The Great Wall of China
**FROM HERE MIGHT WANT TO ADD PICTURES FROM BOOK
1.5 Traveling Through the Ages : 1.5 Traveling Through the Ages 1200 B.C. – A.D. 1
Quality of wrought iron is improved
Swords are mass produced
Siege towers are perfected
Greeks develop manufacturing
Archimedes introduces mathematics in Greece
Concrete is used for arched bridges, roads and aqueducts in Rome.
1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: A.D. 1-1000 : 1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: A.D. 1-1000 Chinese further develop the study of mathematics
Gunpowder is perfected
Cotton and silk manufactured
1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1000-1400 : 1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1000-1400 Silk and glass industries continue to grow
Leonardo Fibinacci, a medieval mathematician, writes the first Western text on algebra
1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1400-1700 : 1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1400-1700 First toilet is invented in England
Galileo constructs a series of telescopes, with which he observes the rotation about the sun
Otto von Guerick first demonstrates the existence of a vacuum
Issac Newton constructs first reflecting telescopes
Boyle’s Gas Law, stating pressure varies inversely with volume, is first introduced.
1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1700-1800 : 1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1700-1800 Industrial Revolution begins in Europe
James Watt patents his first steam engine
Society of Engineers, a professional engineering society, is formed in London
First building made completely of cast iron built in England
1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1800-1825 : 1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1800-1825 Machine automation is first introduced in France
First railroad locomotive is designed and manufactured
Chemical symbols are developed, the same symbols used today (Au, He)
Single wire telegraph line is developed
1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1825-1875 : 1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1825-1875 Reinforced concrete is first used
First synthetic plastic material is created
Bessemer develops his process to create stronger steel in mass quantities
First oil well drilled in Pennsylvania
Typewriter is perfected
1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1875-1900 : 1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1875-1900 Telephone is patented in the US by Alexander Graham Bell
Thomas Edison invents the light bulb and the phonograph
Gasoline engine developed by Gottlieb Daimler
Automobile introduced by Karl Benz
1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1900-1925 : 1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1900-1925 Wright brothers complete first sustained flight
Ford develops first diesel engines in tractors
First commercial flight between Paris and London begins
Detroit becomes center of auto production industry
1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1925-1950 : 1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1925-1950 John Logie Baird invents a primitive form of television
The VW Beetle goes into production
First atomic bomb is used
The transistor is invented
1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1950-1975 : 1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1950-1975 Computers first introduced into the market, and are common by 1960
Sputnik I, the first artificial satellite, put into space by USSR
First communication satellite—Telstar—is put into space
The U.S. completes the first ever moon landing
1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1975-1990 : 1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1975-1990 The Concord is first used for supersonic flight between Europe and the U.S.
Columbia space shuttle is reused for space travel
First artificial heart is successfully implanted
1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1990-Present : 1.5 Traveling Through the Ages: 1990-Present Robots travel on Mars
The “Chunnel” between England and France is finished
GPS is used to predict and report weather conditions, as well as many other consumer applications
1.6 Case Study of Two Historic Engineers : 1.6 Case Study of Two Historic Engineers Leonardo Da Vinci
Gutenberg and His Printing Press
1.7 The History of the Disciplines : 1.7 The History of the Disciplines Aerospace Eng.
Agricultural Eng.
Chemical Eng.
Civil Eng. Computer Eng.
Electrical Eng.
Industrial Eng.
Mechanical Eng.
1.7 History: Aerospace Engineering : 1.7 History: Aerospace Engineering “Aerospace engineering is concerned with engineering applications in the areas of aeronautics (the science of air flight) and astronautics (the science of space flight).
1.7 History: Agricultural Engineering : 1.7 History: Agricultural Engineering Agricultural engineering focuses on:
Soil and water
Structures and environment
Electrical power and processing
Food engineering
Power and machinery
1.7 History: Chemical Engineering : 1.7 History: Chemical Engineering Chemical engineering applies chemistry to industrial processes, such as the manufacture of drugs, cements, paints, lubricants, and the like.
1.7 History: Civil Engineering : 1.7 History: Civil Engineering Civil engineering focuses on structural issues, such as:
Bridges and Highways
Skyscrapers
Industrial Plants and Power Plants
Shipping Facilities and Railroad Lines
Pipelines, Gas Facilities, Canals
1.7 History: Computer and Electrical Engineering : 1.7 History: Computer and Electrical Engineering The world’s business is centered around computers, and their uses are only increasing
Electrical is the largest branch of engineering
Involved in:
Communication Systems
Computers and Automatic Controls
Power Generation and Transmission
Industrial Applications
1.7 History: Industrial Engineering : 1.7 History: Industrial Engineering Industrial engineers design, install, and improve systems that integrate people, materials, and machines to improve efficiency.
1.7 History: Mechanical Engineering : 1.7 History: Mechanical Engineering Deals with power, the generation of power, and the application of power to a variety of machines, ranging from HVAC to space vehicles.
CHAPTER 2 : CHAPTER 2 Engineering Majors
2.1 Introduction : 2.1 Introduction Several characteristics of students that might have an interest in engineering are:
Proficient skills in math and physical science
An urging from a high school counselor
Knows someone who is an engineer
Knows that engineering offers literally dozens, if not hundreds of job opportunities
Is aware that a degree in engineering is quite lucrative
2.1 Engineers and Scientists : 2.1 Engineers and Scientists Scientists seek technical answers to understand natural phenomenon
Engineers study technical problems with a practical application always in mind
For example
“Scientists study atomic structure to understand the nature of matter; engineers study atomic structure to make smaller and faster microchips”
2.1 The Engineer and the Engineering Technologist : 2.1 The Engineer and the Engineering Technologist Main difference between the two is:
Engineers design and manufacture machines and systems, while engineering technologists have the technical know-how to use and install the machines properly
An example:
“The technologist identifies the equipment necessary to assemble a new CD player; the engineer designs said CD player”
2.1 What Do Engineers Do? : 2.1 What Do Engineers Do? Ways to get information about careers:
Visit job fairs
Attend seminars on campus by various employers
Contact faculty with knowledge of engineering fields
Get an intern or co-op position
Enroll in an engineering elective course
2.1 What Engineers Do : 2.1 What Engineers Do
2.2 Engineering Functions: Research : 2.2 Engineering Functions: Research Research engineers are knowledgeable in principles of chemistry, biology, physics, and mathematics
Computer know-how is also recommended
A Masters Degree is almost always required, and a Ph. D is often strongly recommended
2.2 Engineering Functions: Development : 2.2 Engineering Functions: Development Development engineers bridge the gap between the laboratory and the production facility
They also identify problems in a potential product
An example is the development of concept cars for companies like Ford and GM
2.2 Engineering Functions: Testing : 2.2 Engineering Functions: Testing Testing engineers are responsible for testing the durability and reliability of a product, making sure that it performs how it is supposed to, every time. T.E.s simulate instances and environments in which a product would be used
Crash testing of a vehicle to observe effects of an air bag and crumple zone are examples of a testing engineer’s duties
2.2 Engineering Functions: Design : 2.2 Engineering Functions: Design Design aspect is where largest number of engineers are employed
Design engineers often work on components of a product, providing all the necessary specifics needed to successfully manufacture the product
Design engineers regularly use computer design software as well as computer aided drafting software in their jobs
2.2 Engineering Functions: Design : 2.2 Engineering Functions: Design Design engineers must also verify that the part meets reliability and safety standards required for the product
A concern always on the mind of design engineers is how to keep the development of a part cost effective, which is taken into account during a design process
2.2 Engineering Functions: Analysis : 2.2 Engineering Functions: Analysis Analysis engineers use computational tools and mathematic models to enrich the work of design and research engineers
Analysis engineers typically have a mastery of: heat transfer, fluid flow, vibrations, dynamics, acoustics, and many other system characteristics
2.2 Engineering Functions: Systems : 2.2 Engineering Functions: Systems Responsible on a larger scale for bringing together components of parts from design engineers to make a complete product
Responsible for making sure all components of a product work together as was intended by design engineers
2.2 Engineering Functions: Manufacturing & Construction : 2.2 Engineering Functions: Manufacturing & Construction Work individually or in teams
Responsible for “molding” raw materials into finished product
Maintain and keep records on equipment in plant
Help with design process to keep costs low
2.2 Engineering Functions: Operations & Maintenance : 2.2 Engineering Functions: Operations & Maintenance Responsible for maintaining production line
Must have technical know-how to deal w/ problems
Responsible for inspecting facility and equipment, must be certified in various inspection methods
2.2 Engineering Functions: Technical Support : 2.2 Engineering Functions: Technical Support Works between consumers and producers
Not necessarily have in depth knowledge of technical aspects of product
Must have good interpersonal skills
2.2 Engineering Functions: Customer Support : 2.2 Engineering Functions: Customer Support Often have more of a technical knowledge than Tech. Support, because they must be able to work with basic customers
Evaluate whether or not a current practice is cost effective via feedback from customers
2.2 Engineering Functions: Sales : 2.2 Engineering Functions: Sales Sales engineers have technical background, but are also able to communicate effectively w/ customers
Job market for sales engineers is growing, due to the fact that products are becoming more and more technically complex
2.2 Engineering Functions: Consulting : 2.2 Engineering Functions: Consulting Are either self-employed, or work for a firm that does not directly manufacture products
Consulting engineers might be involved in design, installation, and upkeep of a product
Sometimes required to be a registered professional engineer in the state where he/she works
2.3 Engineering Majors: Aerospace Engineering : 2.3 Engineering Majors: Aerospace Engineering Previously known as aeronautical and astronautical engineering
First space flight Oct. 4, 1957 (Sputnik I)
KEY WORDS:
Aerodynamics: The study of the flow of air over a streamlined surface or body.
Propulsion engineers: develop quieter, more efficient, and cleaner burning engines.
2.3 Engineering Majors: Aerospace Engineering : 2.3 Engineering Majors: Aerospace Engineering KEY WORDS:
Structural engineers: use of new alloys, composites, and other new materials to meet design requirements of new spacecraft
Control systems: systems used to operate crafts
Orbital mechanics: calculation of where to place satellites using GPS
2.3 Engineering Majors: Agricultural Engineering : 2.3 Engineering Majors: Agricultural Engineering Concerned with finding ways to produce food more efficiently
KEY WORDS
Harvesting Equip. - removes crops from field, and begins processing of food
Structures: used to hold crops, feed, and livestock; Agricultural engineers develop and design the structures that hold crops
2.3 Engineering Majors: Agricultural Engineering : 2.3 Engineering Majors: Agricultural Engineering Food process engineers: concerned with making healthier processed food products
Soil/Water Resources: working to develop efficient ways to use limited resources
2.3 Engineering Majors: Architectural Engineering : 2.3 Engineering Majors: Architectural Engineering Structural: primarily concerned with the integrity of the building structure. Evaluates loads placed on buildings, and makes sure the building is structurally sound
Mechanical systems: control climate of building, as well as humidity and air quality (HVAC)
2.3 Engineering Majors: Biomedical : 2.3 Engineering Majors: Biomedical First recognized in 1940’s
Three basic categories: Bioengineering, Medical, and Clinical
Bioengineering is application of engineering principles to biological systems
Medical engineers develop instrumentation for medical uses
Clinical engineers develop systems that help serve the needs of hospitals and clinics
2.3 Engineering Majors: Chemical : 2.3 Engineering Majors: Chemical Emphasizes the use of chemistry and chemical processes in engineering
Chemical engineers develop processes to extract and refine crude oil and gas resources
Chemical engineers also develop circuit boards, and work in the pharmaceutical industry, where processes are designed to create new, affordable drugs
2.3 Engineering Majors Civil Engineering : 2.3 Engineering Majors Civil Engineering First seen in pyramids of Egypt
Structural engineers most common type of civil engineer
Transportation engineers concerned w/ design and construction of highways, railroads, and mass transit systems
Surveyors start construction process by locating property lines and property areas
2.3 Engineering Majors Computer Engineering : 2.3 Engineering Majors Computer Engineering Focuses primarily on computer hardware, not software
Work w/ electrical engineers to develop faster ways to transfer information, and to run the computer
Responsible for the “architecture” of the computer system
2.3 Engineering Majors Electrical Engineering : 2.3 Engineering Majors Electrical Engineering More engineers are electrical than any other discipline
With an ever growing technological society, electrical engineers will ALWAYS have a job
Work in communications, microelectronics, signal processing, bioengineering, etc
2.3 Engineering Majors Environmental Engineering : 2.3 Engineering Majors Environmental Engineering Often coupled with Civil Engineering
3 aspects of environmental engineering:
Disposal: disposing of industrial/residential waste products
Remediation: clean up of a contaminated site
Prevention: working with corporations to reduce and/or prevent emissions and work to find ways to “recycle” products to be used again to reduce waste
2.3 Engineering Majors Industrial Engineering : 2.3 Engineering Majors Industrial Engineering “Design, improvement, and installation of integrated systems of people, material, and energy”
Emphasis placed on: Production, Manufacturing, Human Factors Area, and Operations Research
Production focuses on plant layout, scheduling, and quality control
Human Factors focuses on the efficient placement of human resources within a plant/facility
2.3 Engineering Majors Marine and Ocean Engineering : 2.3 Engineering Majors Marine and Ocean Engineering Concerned with the design, development, and operation of ships and boats
Marine engineer designs and maintains the systems that operate ships, I.e. propulsion, communication, steering and navigation
Ocean engineer design and operates marine equipment other than ships, such as submersibles. O.E.s might also work on submarine pipelines and/or cables and drilling platforms
2.3 Engineering Majors Materials Engineering : 2.3 Engineering Majors Materials Engineering Study the structure, as well as other important properties of materials, I.e. strength, hardness, and durability
Run tests to ensure the quality of the performance of the material
Material Engineers also study metallurgy, and the development of composites and alloys
2.3 Engineering Majors Mechanical Engineering : 2.3 Engineering Majors Mechanical Engineering Concerned with machines and mechanical devices
Work in design, development, production, control, and operation of machines/devices
Requires a strong math and physics background. Often 4 or more math classes required for graduation
2.3 Engineering Majors Mining Engineering : 2.3 Engineering Majors Mining Engineering Work to maintain constant levels of raw minerals used every day in industrial and commercial settings
Must discover, remove, process, and refine such minerals
2.3 Engineering Minerals Nuclear Engineering : 2.3 Engineering Minerals Nuclear Engineering Most concerned with producing and harnessing energy from nuclear sources
Propulsion and electricity are the main uses of nuclear power
Engineers also responsible for disposal of the nuclear waste byproduct, and how to keep people safe from harmful nuclear products
2.3 Engineering Majors Petroleum Engineering : 2.3 Engineering Majors Petroleum Engineering Discover, remove, refine, and transport crude and refined oil around the world
PE’s design and operate the machinery used to refine crude oil into its many forms
Chapter 3 : Chapter 3 Profiles of Engineers
3.1 Introduction : 3.1 Introduction Diversity of the engineering work force
Wide range of engineering careers that are possible
3.1 Profile of a Biomedical Engineer : 3.1 Profile of a Biomedical Engineer Sue H. Abreu, Ft. Bragg, North Carolina
Occupation:
Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Corps, United States Army
Medical Director, Quality Assurance, Womack Army Medical Center
Education:
IDE (BSE, Biomedical Engineering), 1978
MD, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 1982
3.1 Profile of an Aerospace Engineer : 3.1 Profile of an Aerospace Engineer Patrick Rivera Anthony
Occupation:
Project Manager, Boeing Space Beach
Education:
BS, Aerospace Engineering
3.1 Profile of a Civil Engineer : 3.1 Profile of a Civil Engineer Sandra Begay-Campbell, Boulder, Colorado
Occupation:
AISES Executive Director
Education:
BSCE, 1987; MS, Structural Engineering, 1991
3.1 Profile of an Electrical Engineer : 3.1 Profile of an Electrical Engineer Ryan Maibach, Farmington, Michigan
Occupation:
Project Engineer at Barton Malow Company
Education:
BS-CEM (Construction Engineering and Management), 1996
3.1 Profile of an Agricultural Engineer : 3.1 Profile of an Agricultural Engineer Mary E. Maley, Battle Creek, Michigan
Occupation:
Project Manager, Kellogg Company
Education:
BS, Agricultural Engineering (food engineering)
Chapter 4 : Chapter 4 A Statistical Profile of the Engineering Profession
4.1 Statistical Overview : 4.1 Statistical Overview How many people study engineering?
What are the most common majors?
What kind of job market is there for engineers?
How much do engineers earn?
How many women and minorities study engineering?
4.2 College Enrollment Trends of Engineering Students : 4.2 College Enrollment Trends of Engineering Students 1950s-1960s: 60,000-80,000 engineering students
1970s marked the lowest number of students, at 43,000
Engineering peaked in 1980s, with around 118,000 students
4.3 College Majors of Recent Engineering Students : 4.3 College Majors of Recent Engineering Students Of approximately 350,000 full-time undergrad engineering students, just less than 1/3 (124,000) were majoring in computer and electrical engineering
Just over 32,000 were “undecided”
4.4 Degrees in Engineering : 4.4 Degrees in Engineering Steady decline in Engineering degrees awarded between 1986 and 1995. Since then, there have been many fluctuations, but as of data of 2000, there were 63,300 engineering degrees awarded
For a long time, electrical awarded the highest number of degrees, but that was eventually replaced by mechanical engineering
4.5 Job Placement Trends : 4.5 Job Placement Trends 1999-2000 was the hottest year for engineering majors to find jobs
As the number of engineering students declines, employers must “fight” harder to get whatever students they can get their hands on to fill vacant positions. This has led to a very promising job placement ratio
4.6 Salaries of Engineers : 4.6 Salaries of Engineers On the whole, engineers make more money than any other graduate with another degree
Electrical, computer, and computer science recently have led the way, with average salaries from a Bachelor degree starting at around $52,000
A Ph.D. in computer science will earn a starting average of around $84,000
4.7 Diversity in the Profession : 4.7 Diversity in the Profession For a long time, white males dominated engineering
Recently, women, foreign nationals, and various minority students have entered colleges and universities with an engineering diploma in mind
4.8 Distribution of Engineers by Field of Study : 4.8 Distribution of Engineers by Field of Study Electrical engineering employs the highest number of engineers, nearly 25%, numbering close to 375,000
Mechanical employs almost 250,000
Civil is the next highest “populated”, with 200,000 workers
4.11 Words of Advice from Employers : 4.11 Words of Advice from Employers Looking for graduates who possess:
Excellent communication skills
Teamwork
Leadership
Computer/Technical proficiency
Hard working attitude
Chapter 5 : Chapter 5 Global and International Engineering
5.1 Introduction : 5.1 Introduction After WWII, engineering became a more “global” business.
Taking a few foreign language classes in college cannot hurt, but only help your chances at getting a job after college.
5.2 The Evolving Global Market: Changing World Maps & Alliances : 5.2 The Evolving Global Market: Changing World Maps & Alliances Breakup of former USSR
New laws, regulations, policies have affected the spread of international engineering
5.2 NAFTA : 5.2 NAFTA 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (US, Mexico, Canada)
Designed to reduce tariffs, and increase international competition
Manufacturing trade has increased by 128% between Canada, US, and Mexico since 1994
5.3 International Opportunities For Engineers : 5.3 International Opportunities For Engineers Engineers are employed internationally in:
Automobile Industry
Manufacturing
Construction
Pharmaceuticals
Food Industry
Petroleum and Chemical Industry
Computer and Electronics Industry
Telecommunications
5.4 Preparing for a Global Career : 5.4 Preparing for a Global Career Students who look to work internationally should:
Be language and culturally proficient
Should participate in study abroad programs
Look into work international work experience and Co-Op opportunities
Chapter 6 : Chapter 6 Future Challenges
6.1 Expanding World Population : 6.1 Expanding World Population 1900-2000, world population climbs from 1.6 billion to 6 billion people
Places new stress on conservation of resources, and gives engineers new challenges to compensate for high population
6.2 Pollution : 6.2 Pollution Engineers concerned with management and the control of pollution, especially:
Air pollution
Water pollution and the depletion of freshwater resources
Management of solid waste
6.3 Energy : 6.3 Energy It is predicted that energy usage in the Developing Countries will more than double in the next 30 years
Engineers must find new ways to generate power in an effort to conserve natural resources (fossil fuels)
6.5 Infrastructure : 6.5 Infrastructure With mass transportation an ever-present problem, engineers will be responsible in the future for designing and maintaining a system by which the transportation of raw materials, as well as the human capital that process them, can easily and efficiently move from place to place
CHAPTER 7 : CHAPTER 7 Succeeding in the Classroom
7.2 Attitude : 7.2 Attitude Success in an engineering curriculum depends largely on a student’s attitude and work ethic
If the student’s attitude is one of failure, the student will most likely fail
Keep an open mind, and be willing to “work” with the professor in order to best understand the material
7.3 Goals : 7.3 Goals Set goals that will be difficult to attain, but not impossible
This will motivate the student to work hard, not just hard enough to do the minimum, but to reach their higher standard/goal
Set short, intermediate, and long term goals
GPA for a semester, grade on an upcoming exam, GPA for a year/college career
7.4 Keys to effectiveness : 7.4 Keys to effectiveness GO TO CLASS
Allow 2 hrs. of study time outside of class for every hour in class
Re-read sections of book covered in class
Keep up with class and reading
Take good notes
Work lots of problems, not just the minimum amount for homework
Study in groups
7.5 Test Taking : 7.5 Test Taking Obtain past exams
Ask professor for practice exams
Work problems in book
Start with problems you know how to do, then work on the harder problems
Skim test first, to see what will basically be covered
7.6 Making the Most of Your Professor : 7.6 Making the Most of Your Professor Don’t wait until the end of the semester to go for help
If you make yourself visible in class and during office hours, the professor may remember you while grading
Teaching is not professors only responsibility, often the are researchers and advisors as well, so give them the benefit of the doubt
7.7 Learning Styles : 7.7 Learning Styles Each person’s brain is unique to him or her
Proper nutrition, stress, drugs and alcohol are some of the factors that can affect a developing brain
Each person is born with all the brain cells, or neurons, they will ever have (estimated at 180 billion neurons)
7.7 Learning Styles : 7.7 Learning Styles None of us is ever too old or too dumb to learn something new!
People think and memorize in several different ways
7.7 Learning Styles : 7.7 Learning Styles Memorizing:
Refers to how people assimilate new material to existing knowledge and experience
How we accommodate, or change our previous way of organizing material
7.7 Learning Styles : 7.7 Learning Styles Thinking:
Refers to how we see the world, approach problems and use the different parts of our brain.
7.7 Learning Styles : 7.7 Learning Styles We all have different learning styles
Memory Languages:
Auditory
Visual
Kinesthetic
7.7 Learning Styles : 7.7 Learning Styles Auditory Learner:
Buy a small tape recorder and record lectures
Sit where you can hear the professor well
Focus on what is said in class, take notes from the tape recorder later
Ask the professor questions
Read out loud to yourself
Keep visual distractions to a minimum
7.7 Learning Styles : 7.7 Learning Styles Visual Learner:
Sit where you can see the professor and board or screen clearly
Write notes during lecture with lots of pictures and meaningful doodles
Rewrite notes later in a more organized fashion and highlight main ideas
Write out questions to ask the professor
Highlight and take notes in your book
7.7 Learning Styles : 7.7 Learning Styles Kinesthetic Learners:
TAKE Labs!
Make connections between what is being said and what you’ve done in the past
Talk to professor about ways to gain more hands-on experience, such as volunteering in his/her lab
Use models or experiments at home
7.7 Learning Styles : 7.7 Learning Styles Thinking Skills:
Refers to how we see the world, approach problems and use the different parts of our brain
Different people think differently
Two hemispheres in our brain, and four quadrants generally categorize how we think
7.7 Learning Styles : 7.7 Learning Styles
7.8 Well Rounded Equals Effective : 7.8 Well Rounded Equals Effective Make sure to balance social, intellectual, and physical activities in your schedule
Well rounded students are generally more effective than students with a “one-track” mind
7.9 Your Effective Use of Time : 7.9 Your Effective Use of Time Decide in advance what to study and when
Make schedules
Use calendars effectively
Organize tasks by priority level
Stay focused on task
**Remember, everyone will “fail” at some point, it’s how you respond to a failure that determines your future success or failure
Chapter 8 : Chapter 8 Problem Solving
8.1 Introduction : 8.1 Introduction Problem solving requires many “tools” and skills. Make sure that you have them, or at least know where to find them and how to use them
8.2 Analytic and Creative Problem Solving : 8.2 Analytic and Creative Problem Solving Two basic types of problem solving involved in design process: creative and analytic
More students familiar with analytic, where there is one right answer
Creative problem solving has no right answers
8.2 Analytic and Creative Problem Solving : 8.2 Analytic and Creative Problem Solving Steps that typically help w/ problem solving
Make a model/figure
Identify necessary, desired and given info
Work backwards from answers
Restate problem in one’s own words
Check the solution and validate it
8.3 Analytic Problem Solving : 8.3 Analytic Problem Solving Six steps to analytic problem solving:
Define the problem and create a problem statement
Diagram and describe the problem
Apply theory and any known equations
Simplify assumptions
Solve necessary problems
Verify accuracy of answer to desired level
8.4 Creative Problem Solving : 8.4 Creative Problem Solving Use divergence and convergence to gather and analyze ideas. Divergence is brainstorming. Convergence is analyzing and evaluating the ideas, seeking out the best possible solutions
What is wrong?
What do we know?
What is the real problem?
What is the best solution?
How do we implement the solution?
Chapter 9 : Chapter 9 Visualization and Graphics
9.1-9.2 Visualization : 9.1-9.2 Visualization Visualization is often used as a mode of communication between engineers
Sketches, tables, graphs, computer generated drawings, blueprints are various ways in which engineers communicate via visual mediums
9.3 Sketching : 9.3 Sketching Although most final drawings are computer generated, initial and freehand sketches are vital to the design process
Freehand does not mean messy. Sketches should display an adequate amount of detail, and any pertinent notes/comments pertaining to the drawing
For instance, if a line is supposed to be straight, make it as straight as possible. A square will not pass for a circle.
9.7 Graphical Communication : 9.7 Graphical Communication Oblique and isometric drawings are 3D and general
Orthographic drawings are 2D, more detailed, and often have dimensions for the part
Object, Hidden, Centerline, and Construction are 4 common types of lines used in engineering graphics
Chapter 10 : Chapter 10 Computer Tools
10.1-10.6 Computer Tools for Engineers : 10.1-10.6 Computer Tools for Engineers There are many aspects to the design process of a product
Engineers must be competent in basic computer tools such as the internet, word processing, and basic spreadsheets
Engineers will most likely be required to have some knowledge of mathematical software, such as MatLab
Engineers also make computer presentations using most commonly, Microsoft PowerPoint
10.7-10.8 Operating Systems and Programming Language : 10.7-10.8 Operating Systems and Programming Language Engineers may be required to have experience or be expected to be able to work in UNIX, MS-DOS, or a Microsoft Windows System
Computers work on series of 1’s and 0’s, called binary code
FORTRAN, BASIC, C, and C++ are all programming languages used by engineers to communicate with the computer
Chapter 11 : Chapter 11 Teamwork Skills
11.1 Teamwork : 11.1 Teamwork Corporations develop teams for many reasons
Projects are becoming increasingly complex
Projects often span international borders, and require workers all over
Projects are requiring more speed, which require more workers
11.2 What Makes a Successful Team? : 11.2 What Makes a Successful Team? A common goal
Leadership
Each member makes unique contributions
Effective communication
Creativity
Good planning and use of resources
11.4 Team Leadership Structures : 11.4 Team Leadership Structures Traditional: One leader, who directs subordinates. Leader typically is the only one who “speaks”.
Participative: Leader is closer to individual workers.
Flat: There is no “leader”. All members are equal. The leadership “moves” with the situation to the worker with the most expertise in a given subject
11.5 Decisions within a Team : 11.5 Decisions within a Team Consensus: All team members agree on a decision
Majority Rule
Minority/Committee decision
Expert input
11.7 Grading a Team Effort : 11.7 Grading a Team Effort Did the team accomplish its goal?
Were results of a high quality? If not, why?
Did the team grow throughout the process?
Evaluate the team leader
Evaluate the other members of the team
Evaluate your own contribution to the project
Chapter 12 : Chapter 12 Project Management
12.1 Introduction : 12.1 Introduction “Failure to plan is planning to fail.”
A good plan is one of the most important attributes of successful teams and projects.
Projects should be organized systematically.
12.1 Eight Questions that can be Addressed with a Plan : 12.1 Eight Questions that can be Addressed with a Plan What to do first?
Next?
How many people?
What resources?
How long?
Time table?
Deadlines?
Objectives?
12.2 Creating a Project Charter : 12.2 Creating a Project Charter A project summary
Defining what your project is and when you will know when it is done
Elements include
Deliverables
Duration
Stakeholders
Team members
12.3 Task Definitions : 12.3 Task Definitions Identify the completion tasks to achieve the objectives and outcomes
Plan
Design
Build
Deliver
12.3 Plans : 12.3 Plans Plans should include:
Who to hold accountable for progress
Needed materials, resources, etc.
How to determine if the project is on schedule
Manage people and resources
Determine the end!
12.4 Milestones : 12.4 Milestones Monitoring of your plans progress
Deadlines for deliverables
Completion of subcomponents
12.5 Defining Times : 12.5 Defining Times Include the full time needed for tasks
As a student, you don’t have a full eight-hour work day every day
Break tasks into week segments
Weekday and/or weekend
Class periods
Break tasks into short time periods
No more than a week or two
12.6 Organizing the Tasks : 12.6 Organizing the Tasks Determine task relationships and sequencing
Relate the task groups from your outline
12.7 PERT Charts : 12.7 PERT Charts
12.7 PERT Charts : 12.7 PERT Charts Each task is represented by a box containing a brief description of and duration for the task
The boxes can be laid out just as the project plan is laid out
Useful as a “what if” tool during planning stages
12.8 Critical Paths : 12.8 Critical Paths The longest string of dependant project tasks
Ex. – prerequisites such as the math curriculum for engineering
Some tasks can be accelerated by using more people, others cannot
Ex. – nine people cannot have the same baby in one month
12.9 Gantt Charts : 12.9 Gantt Charts Popular project management charting method
Horizontal bar chart
Tasks vs. dates
12.9 Gantt Charts : 12.9 Gantt Charts
12.10 Details, Details : 12.10 Details, Details Remember Murphy’s Law - “Anything that can go wrong, will.”
Leave time to fix debug or fix errors
12.10 Details, Details : 12.10 Details, Details Don’t assume things will fit together the first time
Order parts well in advance to leave time for shipping, errors, or backorders
Leave time for parts malfunction
Push delivery times back to a week before they’re actually due – this will help to avoid panic if things go badly
12.11 Personnel Distribution : 12.11 Personnel Distribution Get the right people on the right tasks
Assign people after developing a draft of the plan
Balance the work between everyone
Weekly updates – does everyone understand what they’re doing and is everyone still on task?
12.12 Money and Resources : 12.12 Money and Resources Develop a budget
Estimate with high, middle, and lower quality products – offer a range of solutions
Extra costs
Shipping
Travel
Extra parts such as nails, screws, resistors
Material costs and labor
Have someone be responsible for managing the budgets and financial aspects
12.13 Document As You Go : 12.13 Document As You Go Document milestones as they occur
Leave time at the end for reviewing, not writing
12.14 Team Roles : 12.14 Team Roles Roles
Project Leader or Monitor
Procurement
Financial Officer
Liaison
Project Management Software
12.14 – Project Leader or Monitor : 12.14 – Project Leader or Monitor Designate a leader, or rotate leaders
Monitor and track progress of milestones
Maintains timelines
Increases likelihood of meeting goals
12.14 – Procurement : 12.14 – Procurement Learns purchasing system
Tracks team orders
12.14 – Financial Officer : 12.14 – Financial Officer Manages teams expenses
Creates original budget
Makes identifying budgetary problems easier
12.14 – Liaison : 12.14 – Liaison Responsible for keeping everyone informed about the progress of the plan and any changes
This includes outside customers, management, professors, etc.
Chapter 13 : Chapter 13 Engineering Design
13.1 Engineering Design : 13.1 Engineering Design Engineering design is the process of devising a system, component, or process to meet desired needs. It is a decision making process in which the basic sciences and mathematics and engineering sciences are applied to convert resources optimally to meet a stated objective. Among the fundamental elements of the design process are the establishment of objectives and criteria, synthesis, analysis, construction, and testing….
13.2 The Design Process : 13.2 The Design Process Identify the problem
Define the working criteria/goals
Research and gather data
Brainstorm ideas
Analyze potential solutions
Develop and test models
Make decision
Communicate decision
Implement and commercialize decision
Perform post-implementation review
Chapter 14 : Chapter 14 Communication Skills
14.1 Why do we Communicate? : 14.1 Why do we Communicate? Transfers important information
Provides basis for judging one’s knowledge
Conveys interest and competence
Identifies gaps in your own knowledge
14.2-14.3 Oral and Written Communication Skills : 14.2-14.3 Oral and Written Communication Skills Present communication on a level that you believe will be easily understood by whomever is to be receiving your communication
Don’t use big words if a smaller, easier-to-understand word will suffice.
14.5 Power of Language : 14.5 Power of Language Be as clear as possible
Avoid clichés
Avoid redundancy
Avoid using jargon specific to a certain group of people
Don’t make sexual generalizations, I.e. his, hers, he, she
14.6 Technical Writing : 14.6 Technical Writing Identify thesis early
Follows a specific format
Follows a problem solving approach
Uses specialized vocabulary
Often incorporates visual aids
Complete set of references
Be objective, not biased either way
14.9 Formal Reports : 14.9 Formal Reports Should include:
Title; short and concise
Summary of what will be discussed
Table of Contents (not including abstract)
Introduction
Analysis
Procedure and Results
Discussion of results
Conclusions
References
Appendices
14.10 Other forms of Communication : 14.10 Other forms of Communication E-mail
Progress reports
Problem statements
Cover letters
Resumes
Chapter 15 : Chapter 15 Ethics
15. The Nature of Ethics : 15. The Nature of Ethics Ethics is generally concerned with rules or guidelines for morals and/or socially approved conduct
Ethical standards generally apply to conduct that can or does have a substantial effect on people’s lives
Chapter 16 : Chapter 16 Units
16.1 History of Units : 16.1 History of Units A common denomination of units is essential for the development of trade and economics around the world
National Bureau of Standards, established by Congress, adopted the English system of measurement (12 inches, etc)
Majority of nations in the world today operate on the metric system because of its simplicity (multiples of 10)
16.1 History of Units - SI Units : 16.1 History of Units - SI Units Le Systeme International d’Unites, French for the International System of Units
Improvements in the definitions of the base units continue to be made by the General Conference of Weights and Measures as science dictates
16.2 The SI System of Units : 16.2 The SI System of Units Modernized metric system adopted by the General Conference, a multi-national organization which includes the United States
Built on a foundation of seven base units, plus two supplementary ones
All other SI units are derived from these nine units
16.2 The SI System of Units : 16.2 The SI System of Units Multiples and sub-multiples are expressed using a decimal system
Generally, the first letter of a symbol is capitalized if the name of the symbol is derived from a person’s name, otherwise it is lowercase
16.2 The SI System of Units : 16.2 The SI System of Units Base Units in the SI system
Meter = m
Kilogram = kg
Seconds = s
Ampere = A
Kelvin = K
Mole = mol
Candela = cd
16.3 Derived Units : 16.3 Derived Units Expressed algebraically in terms of base and supplementary units
Several derived units have been given special names and symbols, such as the newton (N).
16.3 Derived Units : 16.3 Derived Units Quantities whose units are expressed in terms of base and supplementary units
16.3 Derived Units : 16.3 Derived Units Quantities whose units have special names
16.3 Derived Units : 16.3 Derived Units Units used with the SI System
16.4 Prefixes : 16.4 Prefixes Defined for the SI system
Used instead of writing extremely large or very small numbers
All items in a given context should use the same prefix, for example in a table
Notation in powers of 10 is often used in place of a prefix
16.4 Prefixes : 16.4 Prefixes
16.5 Numerals : 16.5 Numerals A space is always left between the numeral and the unit name or symbol, except when we write a degree symbol
3 m = 3 meters; 8 ms = 8 milliseconds
SI units a space is used to separate groups of three in a long number
3,000,000 = 3 000 000
.000005 = .000 005
This is optional when there are four digits in a number (3456 = 3 456; .3867 = .386 7)
16.5 Numerals : 16.5 Numerals A zero is used for numbers between -1 and 1 to prevent a faint decimal point from being missed
Rounding
Significant Digits
16.6 Conversions : 16.6 Conversions
Chapter 17 : Chapter 17 Mathematics Review
17.1 Algebra : 17.1 Algebra Three basic laws
Commutative: a + b = b + a
Distributive: a ( b + c ) = a b + a c
Associative: a + ( b + c ) = ( a + b ) + c
17.1 Algebra : 17.1 Algebra Exponents
Used for many manipulations
Examples
xa xb=xa+b
xab=(xa)b
Logarithms
Related to exponents
bx = y then x = logby
Table 17.1.5
17.1 Algebra : 17.1 Algebra Quadratic Formula
Solves ax2 + bx + c = 0
Formula 17.1.6
Binomial Theorem
Used to expand (a+x)n
Formula 17.1.7
Partial Fractions
Used for simplifying rational fractions
Formulas 17.1.8, 17.1.9, 17.1.10, 17.1.11
Examples
17.2 Trigonometry : 17.2 Trigonometry Involves the ratios between sides of a right triangle
sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant are the primary functions
Trigonometry identities are often used
17.2.3, 17.2.4, 17.2.5, 17.2.6, 17.2.7
For all triangle we can also use the laws of sines and cosines
Some other equations that can be found in your book are
Pythagorean Theorem 17.2.10
Hyperbolic Trig Functions 17.2.11
Examples
17.3 Geometry : 17.3 Geometry Used to analyze a variety of shapes and lines
The equation for a straight line
Ax + By + C = 0
This equation can also be written in Pint-slope, Slope-intercept, and Two-intercept forms
Distance between a line and a point is given in Formula 17.3.5
The general equation of the second degree is
17.3 Geometry : 17.3 Geometry This equation is used to represent conic sections
Classified on page 473
Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola
More information on pages 474-475
Examples
17.4 Complex Numbers : 17.4 Complex Numbers Complex numbers consist of a real (x) and imaginary (y) part
x+iy where i=
In electrical engineering j is used instead of i because i is used for current
Useful to express in polar form
Euler’s equation is also commonly used
Other useful equations can be found on page 477
Examples
17.5 Linear Algebra : 17.5 Linear Algebra Used to solve n linear equations for n unknowns
Uses m x n matrices
Many manipulations of this basic equation are shown on page 479
Determinants of matrices are often used in calculations
Illustrated on page 480
Eigenvalues are used to solve first-order differential equations
Examples
17.6 Calculus : 17.6 Calculus We first write derivatives using limits
Some basic derivatives are shown on pages 484-485
Used to indicate points of inflection, maxima, and minima
L’Hospial’s rule when f(x)/g(x) is 0 or infinity 17.6.6
17.6 Calculus : 17.6 Calculus Inversely we have integration
Used for finding the area under a curve
Equation 17.6.7
Can be used to find the length of a curve
Used to find volumes
Definite when there are limits
When indefinite a constant is added to the solution
Basic Integrals on page 486
Examples
17.7 Probability and Statistics : 17.7 Probability and Statistics The probability of one events’ occurrence effects the probability of another event
Probabilities
Many combinations can occur
P(A or B) = P(A)+P(B)
P(A and B)=P(A)P(B)
P(not A) = 1-P(A)
P(either A or B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A)P(B)
17.7 Probability and Statistics : 17.7 Probability and Statistics Probability ranges from 0 to 1
Additional equations on page 490
Arithmetic Mean
Median
Mode
Standard Deviation
Variance
Examples
Chapter 18 : Chapter 18 Engineering Fundamentals
18.1 Statics : 18.1 Statics Concerned with equilibrium of bodies subjected to force systems
The two entities that are of the most interest in statics are forces and moments.
18.1 Statics : 18.1 Statics Force:
The manifestation of the action of one body upon another.
Arise from the direct action of two bodies in contact with one another, or from the “action at a distance” of one body upon another.
Represented by vectors
18.1 Statics : 18.1 Statics Moment:
Can be thought of as a tendency to rotate the body upon which it acts about a certain axis.
Equilibrium:
The system of forces acting on a body is one whose resultant is absolutely zero
18.1 Statics : 18.1 Statics Free Body Diagrams (FBD):
Neat sketch of the body showing all forces and moments acting on the body, together with all important linear and angular dimensions.
18.2 Dynamics : 18.2 Dynamics Separated into two sections:
Kinematics
Study of motion without reference to the forces causing the motion
Kinetics
Relates the forces on bodies to their resulting motions
18.2 Dynamics : 18.2 Dynamics Newton’s laws of motion:
1st Law – The Law of Inertia
2nd Law – F=ma
3rd Law – Fab=-Fba
Law of Gravitation
18.3 Thermodynamics : 18.3 Thermodynamics Involves the storage, transformation and transfer of energy.
Stored as internal energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy
Transformed between these various forms
Transferred as work or heat transfer
18.3 Thermodynamics : 18.3 Thermodynamics There are many definitions, laws, and other terms that are useful to know when studying thermodynamics.
18.3 Thermodynamics : 18.3 Thermodynamics A few useful definitions:
System
A fixed quantity of matter
Control Volume (open system)
A volume into which and/or from which a substance flows
Universe
A system and its surrounding
18.3 Thermodynamics : 18.3 Thermodynamics Some Laws of ideal gases:
Boyle’s Law
Volume varies inversely with pressure
Charles’ Law
Volume varies directly with temperature
Avagadro’s Law
Equal volumes of different ideal gasses with the same temperature and pressure contain an equal number of molecules
18.4 Electrical Circuits : 18.4 Electrical Circuits Interconnection of electrical components for the purpose of:
Generating and distributing electrical power
Converting electrical power to some other useful form
Processing information contained in an electrical form
18.4 Electrical Circuits : 18.4 Electrical Circuits Direct Current (DC)
Alternating Current (AC)
Steady State
Transient circuit
18.4 Electrical Circuits : 18.4 Electrical Circuits
18.4 Electrical Circuits : 18.4 Electrical Circuits Circuit Components:
Resistors
Inductors
Capacitors
Sources of Electrical Energy
Voltage
Current
18.4 Electrical Circuits : 18.4 Electrical Circuits Kirchhoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
Ohm’s Law
V=IR
18.4 Electrical Circuits : 18.4 Electrical Circuits Reference Voltage Polarity and Current Direction
Circuit Equations
Using Branch Currents
Using Mesh Currents
Circuit Simplification
DC Circuits
18.5 Economics : 18.5 Economics Value and Interest
The value of a dollar given to you today is of greater value than that of a dollar given to you one year from today
Cash Flow Diagrams
Cash Flow Patterns
Equivalence of Cash Flow Patterns
Chapter 19 : Chapter 19 The Campus Experience
19.1 Orienting Yourself to Your Campus : 19.1 Orienting Yourself to Your Campus Introduction to Campus Life
Tools to assist students to adjusting to the college lifestyle
19.2 Exploring : 19.2 Exploring Begin by becoming familiar with some different locations on campus
Offices
Dorms
Classroom Buildings
Engineering Building
Sample map of Michigan State University Campus
19.3 Determining and planning your Major : 19.3 Determining and planning your Major Narrow down to a few different majors
Ask questions of insightful people
Look for any opportunity to learn more about each field
19.4 Get into the Habit of Asking Questions : 19.4 Get into the Habit of Asking Questions Active questioners learn the most
Questions help students understand and complete tasks
Communication skills are vital to engineers
Understanding information given
Giving information that is understandable
19.5 The ‘People Issue’ : 19.5 The ‘People Issue’ Meeting People
Make friends of other engineers
Helpful as study partners
Offer perspective on engineering
Academic Advisor
Advisors are an excellent resource
Discuss problems
Information about the school, classes, and instructors
Offer guidance for graduating and careers
19.5 The ‘People Issue’ : 19.5 The ‘People Issue’ Instructors
Ask other students about an In