LEC3 PP

Slide1: 

The Challenges of Sustainable Development Part II Dr. Kazi F. Jalal Faculty, Harvard Extension School Envr E-115 10/02/07 Lecture#3

Outline of Lecture 3: 

Outline of Lecture 3 Determinants of Sustainable Development Consumption Production Distribution Case Examples of Sustainable Development Sustainable Development- Reality or Myth?

Determinants of Sustainable Development: 

Determinants of Sustainable Development CONSUMPTION beyond reasonable limits set by nature PRODUCTION characterized by gross inefficiencies and mismanagement in the use of water, energy, and minerals DISTRIBUTION which is grossly inequitable

CONSUMPTION“the selection,adoption,use,disposal and recycling of goods and services”Wikipedia (2005): 

CONSUMPTION “the selection,adoption,use,disposal and recycling of goods and services” Wikipedia (2005)

Some Reasons to Look at Consumption Patterns: 

Some Reasons to Look at Consumption Patterns - Eco-efficiency alone can not meet the natural resource appetite following current consumption patterns. - Focus on consumption enables us to look at what is being consumed and how consonant is it in meeting the basic needs of people - Close look at Consumption pattern will illustrate vividly that the poor not only consume less but also pollute little

Who consumes?*Source:ADB(2000): “Sustainable Development in Asia”: 

Who consumes?* Source:ADB(2000): “Sustainable Development in Asia”

Consumer spending & population**State of the World, 2004: 

Consumer spending & population* *State of the World, 2004

Religious Revolt Against Consumerism: 

Religious Revolt Against Consumerism Christianity “Watch out! Be on your guard against all kinds of greed; a person’s life does not consist in the abundance of possessions.” Confucianism “Excess and deficiency are equally at fault.” Buddhism “By the thirst for the riches, the foolish man destroys himself as if he were his own enemy.” Source: UNDP, 1998

Religious Revolt Against Consumerism: 

Hinduism “When you have the golden gift of commitment you have everything.” Islam “It is difficult for a person laden with riches to climb the steep path that leads to bliss.” Taoism “One who knows he has enough is rich.” Religious Revolt Against Consumerism Source: UNDP, 1998

Global obesity is on the rise!It is a “time bomb”and a “global epidemic”Currently 1.1 billion people in this world are overweight/obese*___________________________*Global obesity websitewww.esrc.ac.uk (2006): 

Global obesity is on the rise! It is a “time bomb” and a “global epidemic” Currently 1.1 billion people in this world are overweight/obese* ___________________________ *Global obesity website www.esrc.ac.uk (2006)

Slide11: 

Body Mass Index (BMI)* is a measure of body fat based on height and weight. BMI = w/h2 w = weight in kg h = height in meters BMI Categories Underweight < 18.5 Normal weight 18.5 – 24.9 Overweight 25 –29.9 Obese >30 *http://www.nhlbisupport.com/bmi http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm

Worldwide trends in child obesity**Source: Int. Assoc. for the study of child obesity, March, 2006: 

Worldwide trends in child obesity* *Source: Int. Assoc. for the study of child obesity, March, 2006

PRODUCTION: 

PRODUCTION

Current Industrial Production Patterns: 5 Basic Problems: 

Current Industrial Production Patterns: 5 Basic Problems Using materials & processes causing environmental degradation and health hazards Inefficiency of production causing system loss and environmental degradation Failure to reflect negative externalities in product cost

Current Industrial Production Patterns: 5 Basic Problems: 

Current Industrial Production Patterns: 5 Basic Problems Subsidies on energy, water, & fertilizers which mostly benefit the non-poor Transaction costs are significantly higher for the poor

New Agricultural Revolution (Green 2 Revolution)*: 

New Agricultural Revolution (Green 2 Revolution)* Redistributive policies that favor access of the poor to land and modern inputs Increased public expenditure in less favored agricultural land Increased attention to the needs of small holder farms and landless laborers including credits * All elements have significant impact on poverty reduction

New Agricultural Revolution (Green 2 Revolution)*: 

New Agricultural Revolution (Green 2 Revolution)* Increased investment in rain-fed agricultural areas Decentralized agricultural research, development, and extension system focusing on soil and water management * All elements have significant impact on poverty reduction

DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES: 

DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES

World Development Report 2006: Equity & Development: 

World Development Report 2006: Equity & Development Inequality of distribution of resources results in poverty & weakens prospects for development To correct the situation WB recommends ensuring more equitable access by the poor to health care, education, credit, land rights and justice system – among others Increase the level of development assistance which is more effective in reducing the income gap between the rich and the poor

Civil Society’s Role : 

Civil Society’s Role Share information and resources with other groups about common environmental and political concerns to raise awareness Form user groups to manage CPRs Demand industries to clean up & hold businesses accountable Increase group empowerment ;mobilize youth potential Demand governments and developers to take seriously the rights and needs of marginalized people.

Sustainable Development- a Reality or Myth?: 

Sustainable Development- a Reality or Myth?

Slide22: 

Recent Studies on Future Scenarios for Sustainable Development “Which World? Scenarios for the 21st Century: Global Destinies, Regional Choices” -Allen Hammond of the World Resources Institute, 1998 “Bending the Curve: Toward Global Sustainability” -Global Scenario Group, Stockholm Environment Institute, 1998 “Great Transition: The Promise and Lure of the Times Ahead” -Global Scenario Group, Stockholm Environment Institute, 2002

Slide23: 

Sustainable Development 2050 Constructed from various sources MARKET WORLD GDP growth Technological innovation Increased FDI Global economic integration Market-based instruments for environmental protection 2. FORTRESS WORLD 3. TRANSFORMED WORLD Government control against social wrong-doings and unconstrained markets Meeting basic needs for all Fundamental change in social values and cultural norms New coalition for power sharing and working from grassroots up Market force still remains effective tool for economic growth—not a substitute but a supplement to the following Economic, environmental and social choices determined by people in a participating and democratic manner Promote and maintain solidarity, peace and justice in the world

Critic’s view of SD: 

Critic’s view of SD SD is more about establishing global peace and democracy than intergenerational equity The World is not going to run out of natural resources The real state of the world is better than what the environmentalists think SD can be damaging for the poor Ineffective development assistance is a major hindrance to SD

IFI’S LENDING STRATEGY: 

IFI’S LENDING STRATEGY

Definition of EHMs: 

Definition of EHMs “Economic hit men (EHMs) are highly paid professionals who cheat countries around the globe out of trillion dollars. They funnel money from the World Bank, the US Agency for International Development (USAID), and other foreign “aid” organizations into the coffers of huge corporations and the pockets of a few wealthy families who control the planet’s natural resources…” -John Perkins, 2004

TOR of EHMs: 

TOR of EHMs “Claudine told me that there were two primary objectives of my work. First, I was to justify huge international loans that would funnel money back to MAIN and other U.S. companies (such as Bechtel, Halliburton, Stone & Webster, and Brown & Root) through massive engineering and construction projects. Second, I would work to bankrupt the countries that received these loans (after they had paid MAIN and the other US contractors, of course) so that they would be forever beholden to their creditors, and so they would present easy targets when we need favours, including military bases, UN votes, or access to oil and other natural resources.”

End of the confession: 

End of the confession In the concluding part of his book, John Perkins stated: “This story must be told. We live in a time of terrible crisis- and tremendous opportunity. The story of this particular economic hit man is the story of how we got to where we are and why we currently face crises that seem insurmountable. The story must be told because only by understanding our past mistakes will we be able to take advantage of our future opportunities….. Most important, this story must be told because, for the first time in history, one nation has the ability, the money, and the power to change all this. It is the nation where I was born and the one I served as an EHM: The United States of America.”

CASE STUDIES** Smith & Jalal (2000): Sustainable Development in Asia; Asian Development Bank: 

CASE STUDIES* * Smith & Jalal (2000): Sustainable Development in Asia; Asian Development Bank

Rainwater Harvesting in Alwar, Rajasthan, India“largest mobilization of people for environmental regeneration”: 

Rainwater Harvesting in Alwar, Rajasthan, India “largest mobilization of people for environmental regeneration” Problem: Drought-stricken villages with dry wells and a low water table Project: In the mid-1980s, Tarun Bharat Singh, a local voluntary organization, assisted a village in building 3 small rain water harvesting structures called check dams. Check dams store monsoon rains, irrigate fields, and allow water to percolate through the ground to increase water table. Source: Agarwal et al, 1999; Agarwal and Narain, 1999

Rainwater Harvesting in Alwar, Rajasthan, India: 

Rainwater Harvesting in Alwar, Rajasthan, India Progress: Now 3,000 water harvesting structures in 650 villages. Villagers and TBS regenerated 6,500 m2 of land. Groundwater tables have increased by 6 m on average. Forest cover increased by 33% 5 formerly seasonally dry rivers flow perennially Agriculture is more productive and self-sustaining Average annual per capita income increased by $19.78 For every dollar invested in check dams, economic production in villages increased by $4.20. Source: Agarwal et al, 1999; Agarwal and Narain, 1999

Rainwater Harvesting in Alwar, Rajasthan, India: 

Rainwater Harvesting in Alwar, Rajasthan, India Social Impact: Project has helped reverse some of the negative social impacts associated with environmental degradation. As a result, there is: reduced migration increased attendance in schools reduced crime rates increased participation of women in village decisions Source: Agarwal et al, 1999; Agarwal and Narain, 1999

Improved Cook-stoves Program in the People’s Republic of China: 

Improved Cook-stoves Program in the People’s Republic of China Background: Initiated in the early 1980s, covered almost 76% of rural households after 15 years of implementation without any direct government subsidy. Strategies Work began in areas where people showed desire for improved cook-stoves. Research and development were geared toward designing stoves to match local conditions of fuel, cooking, and heating needs. Source: Parikh et al, 1999; Yao, 1999; Natarajan 1999

Improved Cook-stoves Program in the People’s Republic of China: 

Improved Cook-stoves Program in the People’s Republic of China Strategies Regular, systematic, and consistent monitoring and evaluation have been an integral part of the program since its inception. Government contributions are small (about 15%) and restricted to training, administration, and promotion Flow of money between bureaucratic levels is minimal. Production of the critical parts of the combustion chamber is centralized to ensure long-term, high-efficiency stove performance. Source: Parikh et al, 1999; Yao, 1999; Natarajan 1999

Corporate Synergy Systems in Taipei, China: 

Corporate Synergy Systems in Taipei, China Objective: To promote clean production in supply chains consisting of small and medium-sized enterprises using the corporate synergy system management approach. Corporate synergy systems are initiated under leadership of large companies, where upstream suppliers and downstream buyers are organized to achieve common goals. Central firms of a CSS rank and reward the suppliers in the chain. Source: Chiu et al, 1999; van Berkel and Krygar, 1994

Corporate Synergy Systems in Taipei, China: 

Corporate Synergy Systems in Taipei, China CSS in Action: Cheng-Loong Paper Manufacturing Company organized CSS program with: 2 Central Firms 10 upstream suppliers that provide waste paper, machinery, chemicals, energy, transportation services 3 downstream buyers who are suppliers 90% of participating firms were small and medium-sized enterprises Source: Chiu et al, 1999; van Berkel and Krygar, 1994

Corporate Synergy Systems in Taipei, China: 

Corporate Synergy Systems in Taipei, China Results: Cheng-Loong system implemented 868 clean production options in 13 months. Participating firms invested $991,000 in clean production measures, resulting in annual benefit of $3.5 million. Source: Chiu et al, 1999; van Berkel and Krygar, 1994

Case Studies: Lessons Learned: 

Case Studies: Lessons Learned At the grassroots level, necessary conditions for SUSTAINABILITY of DEVELOPMENT are: Well targeted programs (in terms of area & population) Minimum bureaucracy Supportive role of the government Active role of the community, NGO, and private sector Stakeholders responsibility and sense of ownership Strategy for commercialization Replication of success stories

Case Studies: Results Achieved: 

Case Studies: Results Achieved People (particularly the marginalized groups) derived economic and environmental benefits Investments are paid off over a short period of time Occupational hazards were minimized Cooperation and understanding between affected communities, NGOs, and private sector increased Market and policy failures were minimized Development became meaningful and sustainable.