Praxis PLT questions

Praxis PLT questions: 

Praxis PLT questions

David Elkind gave a name to two common problems amongst teenagers. What were they?: 

David Elkind gave a name to two common problems amongst teenagers. What were they? Imaginary Audience and Personal Fable.

What is personal fable?: 

What is personal fable? The belief that your circumstances are different than all others and that nobody can understand your problems. This can lead to increased risk taking or increased seclusion from others.

What is imaginary audience?: 

What is imaginary audience? The belief that everyone is looking at you and notices your appearance and your every move. As a consequence, students try to act and dress how they think they should to be accepted.

Who is the predominant influential figure in the field of cognitive psychology and who also influenced David Elkind? : 

Who is the predominant influential figure in the field of cognitive psychology and who also influenced David Elkind ? Jean Piaget

What are the four stages of Piaget’s cognitive development called?: 

What are the four stages of Piaget’s cognitive development called? Sensorimotor Stage Preoperational stage Concrete Operations Formal Operations

What is the sensorimotor stage? : 

What is the sensorimotor stage? From birth to two years old. Example: When someone puts a blanket over their toy they don’t seem to understand that they toy is still there. They are learning about their four senses, thus the sensorimotor stage.

What is the preoperational stage?: 

What is the preoperational stage? Between two and seven years old The reason it’s called preoperational is because the stage emphasized what they can’t do more than what they can. For example: They can’t understand concrete logic, can’t take the point of view of other people, which Piaget termed egocentrism. In those ways, they can’t operate yet. However, children in this stage are closer to those goals that those in the sensorimotor stage, therefore they are in the pre operational stage. (right before the concrete operations stage).

What is concrete operations?: 

What is concrete operations? Between 7 and 11 Beginning of operational thinking: seeing point of view of others, and understanding concrete logic, putting things into categories, understands reversibility (that if something broccoli then it must be a vegetable and must be food or if it’s a dog than it must be a mammal and an animal.

What is Piaget’s stage of formal operations?: 

What is Piaget’s stage of formal operations? Between ages 11 and 15 Essentially all the same operations of concrete operations but can be done on a higher level. “Concrete” operations, as the first word implies, deals with things that can be seen or felt (they can create categories with things that they can see). People who have entered the formal operations stage can now also make inferences and connections about things they can’t see.

According to Piaget, How does one develop cognitively from one stage to the next?: 

According to Piaget, How does one develop cognitively from one stage to the next? We progress as we interact with our environment and get to know it. People are in a state of equilibrium or feel balanced when everything is familiar to them. However, when they come across something that they don’t understand, their equilibrium is thrown off and they experience disequilibrium (they are no longer balanced). They are brought back into equilibrium as their brain adjusts prior knowledge to fit the new knowledge ( accomodation ) and places the new knowledge in with older knowledge (assimilation)

What are Erik Erikson’s first four stages (of his eight stages) of human development)?: 

What are Erik Erikson’s first four stages (of his eight stages) of human development)? Initiative v. guilt Industry v. inferiority Achieve Identity Intimacy v. Isolation

Explain Initiative v. Guilt: 

Explain Initiative v. Guilt When students leave their parents and are able to function on their own they experience a feeling of accomplishment called initiative. When they don’t, they experience guilt.

Explain Industry v. inferiority: 

Explain Industry v. inferiority Industry is a slightly higher achievement than initiative. Initiative is the beginnings of interacting with the outside world away from parents or guardians. Industry means more than just being there in the outside world. It means succeeding there. Being able to read, write and make friends etc. In summary, initiative is to survive while Industry is to thrive. When students don’t achieve industry, they experience inferiority (feeling less than their peers).

Explain Identity Achievement: 

Explain Identity Achievement A person who achieves his identity has learned what he believes in and what his goals are. In fin, he has come to understand who he is. If they don’t come to identity achievement, they experience identity diffusion.

Explain Intimacy v. Isolation: 

Explain Intimacy v. Isolation A time when people begin to try to form lasting friendships and even consider marital unions. Many of those who have difficulties in this stage is because of difficulties in the previous stage. If someone is not comfortable with themselves, it will be difficult to be comfortable and confident in the presence of others.

What are Howard Gardner’s eight intelligences?: 

What are Howard Gardner’s eight intelligences? Linguistic Intelligence Logical-Mathematical Intelligence Spatial Intelligence Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence. Musical Intelligence Interpersonal Intelligence Intrapersonal Intelligence Naturalist Intelligence

Who coined the phrase Operant Conditioning?: 

Who coined the phrase Operant Conditioning? John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner

Explain Operant Conditioning: 

Explain Operant Conditioning When a positive reinforcing stimulus is applied to the person who is doing the desired action they will increase the action. Any negative stimulus applied to the action will decrease action until it may not occur more.

Explain Albert Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism Theory?: 

Explain Albert Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism Theory? Although environment and interaction with one’s environment can change a person, as other psycologists suggest, a person can also change his environment.

Explain Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory: 

Explain Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory He theorized that people can learn by observing. He called this modeling and said that real retention and learning can come as someone models someone else because they want to and are motivated to. He based this theory initially on an experiment in which a bobo doll was creatively beat up by a female student. They children then copied the behavior. Imagining reproduction can help reproduce it.

Explain L.S. Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development. : 

Explain L.S. Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development. The zone of proximal development is what students can learn on their own. Anything that they can’t learn without guided help from someone more knowledgeable is outside of that zone. Teacher must avoid teaching too far outside the zone (something way outside the students’ reach) and also avoid teaching them things that are too easy for them to understand (things deep inside the zone). Instead they should teach them slighly outside the zone to help them expand it.

Explain Jerome Bruner’s Scaffolding?: 

Explain Jerome Bruner’s Scaffolding? Scaffolding is necessary guidance a teacher gives students to perform certain tasks until they no longer need that guidance.

What is John Dewey known for?: 

What is John Dewey known for? The theory of inquiry or the theory of knowledge.

What are the steps of the Gagne-Ausubel Pattern of Lecture (GAP): 

What are the steps of the Gagne- Ausubel Pattern of Lecture (GAP) Attention getter/ question only answerable during lecture New content presentation 15 minute limit Students practice new content/ teacher monitor Presentations Assignment for some part of the content

What did M.B. Baxter-Magolda recommend teachers do to be more effective? : 

What did M.B. Baxter- Magolda recommend teachers do to be more effective? Take an interest in the students Question authority and allow students to do the same (with author’s or even the teacher himself) Validate students ability to learn and contribute meaningfully to the class. Allow them to participate and take a genuine interest in their ideas. Teachers should reveal how they approach learning a subject. Situate learning in the students own experiences

What are three components of self-esteem?: 

What are three components of self-esteem? Self- efficacy Self – respect Self-knowledge

What is self-efficacy?: 

What is self-efficacy? Having a sense of control over one’s life and that they can achieve anything. Teachers should be aware of student that don’t have this and help instill it in them. This can be done by pointing out students strengths.

What is self-respect?: 

What is self-respect? Believing that I can do it.

What are two tools for helping students to have more self-respect? : 

What are two tools for helping students to have more self-respect? Affirmations and visualizations

What are affirmations? : 

What are affirmations? Focusing on and saying things that we do well or that we can do well. We should repeat these affirmations to ourselves until we can say them and believe them.

What are visualizations?: 

What are visualizations? Mentally picturing what you’d like to achieve

What is self-knowledge?: 

What is self-knowledge? Knowing our own strengths and weaknesses

What are Bloom’s Six Levels of Taxonomy (Revised): 

What are Bloom’s Six Levels of Taxonomy (Revised) Remembering Understanding Applying Analyzing Evaluating C reating

What is applying?: 

What is applying? Could be simple like learning how to add and then using it.

What is analyzing?: 

What is analyzing? Comparing and contrasting

Synthesizing/ Evaluating?: 

Synthesizing/ Evaluating? Use new knowledge to solve problems.

What is ethnocentrism?: 

What is ethnocentrism? The belief that one’s own way or culture is the best. For example, males call upon males more and females call upon females more

What is the Individuals with disabilities Act?: 

What is the Individuals with disabilities Act? The current form of the law says students with disabilities must be given Free Appropriate In as mainstream a class as humanly possible

What is the Hawthorne Effect?: 

What is the Hawthorne Effect? Similar to the self-fulfilling prophesy when a teacher believes or is told something about a student being smart or not smart and then treats them or speaks to them in differently because of what they believed or were told. The effect is that often the students will be what you tell them they will be.

Who does this act apply to?: 

Who does this act apply to? Emotional disturbance Speech or language impairments Specific learning disabilities Autism Health impairments Mental retardation, including severe disabilities Orthopedic impairments Traumatic brain injury Hearing impairment Visual impairment

What must teachers do because of this plan?: 

What must teachers do because of this plan? Create an individual education plan for the student (IEP) Integrate students Work to accommodate their needs Try not to refer to their disability all the time

What is the Americans with disabilities Act?: 

What is the Americans with disabilities Act? First George Bush signed it into law in 1990 saying that accommodations should be made for those with disabilities in work, public areas, and telecommunications. Not threatening them.

What is the Rehabilitation Act of 1973?: 

What is the Rehabilitation Act of 1973? Prohibited discrimination to learners with disabilities in federally funded places.

What did section 504 of the law promote?: 

What did section 504 of the law promote? Support services in colleges and universities Created “Handbook of Reasonable Accommodations”

Signs of alcohol and drug use?: 

Signs of alcohol and drug use? Smell of alcohol Slurred speech Incoordination Impairment inattention or memory Insomnia Nausea Vomiting Hand tremors anxiety

continued: 

continued Changes (music, and other things) Cocaine – frequent nose bleeds, sniffling, bloodshot eyes, changes in eating and sleeping behaviors

What are some signs of abuse?: 

What are some signs of abuse? Agitation

What are some different ways to ask questions?: 

What are some different ways to ask questions? Open ended and closed ended

What is With-it –ness?: 

What is With-it –ness? A teacher who is with-it knows what the normal behavior of a student is. The with-it teacher quickly solves those problems that arise Punishes the perpetrator rather than the whole class Voice expectations without bitterness or anger

After the teacher tries to help the misbehaving student fails and then does not succeed after contacting parents, what can be done?: 

After the teacher tries to help the misbehaving student fails and then does not succeed after contacting parents, what can be done? A daily report where parents can add feedback As behavior improves, notes home can be decreased Family or individual counseling

What is an authentic assessment?: 

What is an authentic assessment? An assessment that closely mirrors real life applications.

What are some examples of Authentic Assessments?: 

What are some examples of Authentic Assessments? Projects (advantage: students can demonstrate their abilities) (disadvantage: difficulty grading) Observations (checklists etc.) Portfolios (clear picture of student progress, lots of time to teach students to make them) Anecdotal records

What are some examples of standardized tests?: 

What are some examples of standardized tests? Criterion-referenced tests Norm-referenced

What are criterion-referenced tests?: 

What are criterion-referenced tests? All students are scored based on criteria and all can score 100 percent if they meet it.

What are norm-referenced tests?: 

What are norm-referenced tests? A test in which half will score above average and half will score below average. It is about beating the other students. The averages are represented in a bell-shaped curve.

What is test validity?: 

What is test validity? Whether the test measures “what it is supposed to measure. If students couldn’t understand the questions then it’s possible that the test wasn’t valid

What is test reliability?: 

What is test reliability? Whether you can rely on the test to repeat the same results again and again.

What is a performance-based assessment?: 

What is a performance-based assessment? Do an experiment, build something for a math problem. Plus: Good Negative: time consuming and grading can be difficult and projects can be expensive

How should a test be constructed?: 

How should a test be constructed? According to what the students need to learn More questions and weight should be put on things that were focused on more during the class.

What is an example of a recall question?: 

What is an example of a recall question? Short answer.

What is an example of a recognition question?: 

What is an example of a recognition question? Multiple choice or True or False.

How can teachers prepare their students for the test on the day of the test?: 

How can teachers prepare their students for the test on the day of the test? Encourage them. Explain test structure and important questions. Make sure there are no distractions. Remind them of rules. Lighting and ventilation are good.

Proctors should pay close attention but they should not _________.: 

Proctors should pay close attention but they should not _________. Hover.

What are some different ways that teachers record student and class progress?: 

What are some different ways that teachers record student and class progress? Grade Books Checklists and Scales Portfolios Anecdotal Records

Explain checklists for grading?: 

Explain checklists for grading? They are meant to track a students ability with certain skills or concepts. For example, a woodshop teacher may check off when a student has mastered the ability to measure correctly, hammer a nail is straight, screw something correctly etc.

What are anecdotal reports?: 

What are anecdotal reports? Written commentary by the teacher the can be about their social skills, behavior, their learning styles and their progress in the things.

What are Narrative Reports?: 

What are Narrative Reports? A narrative report can be used in lieu of a parent teacher conference if the parent is not able to attend. It outlines the student’s situation right now. It can also be used if the students grades cannot for some reason accurately reflect his/her real progress.

How can a teacher provide time for students to use the computer?: 

How can a teacher provide time for students to use the computer? Finish all their regular work first. They should already have written out what they are going to do for their computer project before they do it. Teachers can use name checklists so that they are aware of when it is their turn.

When is it ok to make copies of computer programs?: 

When is it ok to make copies of computer programs? When it’s for archival or backup only. It’s not to be copied and given out to students unless you are licensed to do so. Not selling something is not permission to make copies and give them to others.

How can a teacher overcome digressions?: 

How can a teacher overcome digressions? The subject should be interesting and sufficiently challenging but not too overwhelming. The teacher should have a well planned lesson so that there are no long breaks. Marker Expressions also help.

What are marker expressions?: 

What are marker expressions? When a teacher emphasizes something so that students have a clear picture of the most important points to focus on.

How can teachers give clear feedback?: 

How can teachers give clear feedback? When they get an answer wrong, make sure they clearly let the student know that the answer is incorrect. (Mark an x on a paper rather than a question mark, or when a student gives an incorrect oral answer, tell him or her (nicely) On a test, the teacher can mark that something is not correct and can have the students find the correct answer if it is easily attainable.

Explain the Socratic method for classroom: 

Explain the Socratic method for classroom It is a way to teach through questions. Teachers can Correct students with questions, Doesn’t that word you said really mean …? Correcting their point of view Leading them to a correct answer

What is a thesis?: 

What is a thesis? The central message.

What is the antithesis?: 

What is the antithesis? Opposing view points to the central message.

What is a Sythesis?: 

What is a Sythesis ? The combination of the thesis and the antithesis to find common ground between the two thoughts.

What are some good ways to review?: 

What are some good ways to review? Review what you covered at the end of a lesson. Journal writing. Cooperative learning. Weekly and monthly reviews.

Explain deductive strategies for teaching?: 

Explain deductive strategies for teaching? Start with generalizations and then give specific examples.

What is inductive teaching or learning?: 

What is inductive teaching or learning? Students research different things and then draw a general conclusion based upon their research.

Teachers need to describe performance standards so that there is no mystery.: 

Teachers need to describe performance standards so that there is no mystery.