10

Sea Power and Maritime Affairs: 

Sea Power and Maritime Affairs Lesson 10: The U.S. Navy and American Imperialism, 1898-1914

Causes of the Spanish-American War: 

Causes of the Spanish-American War Decreased isolationism in U.S. public and Congress Cuban Revolution (1895-1898): U.S. investments threatened Spanish authorities commit atrocities against Cuban civilians Yellow journalism Highlighted Spanish atrocities and lack of humanitarianism

Slide3: 

USS Maine Explosion - February 1898: Havana, Cuba. Mission — protect U.S. citizens and property Destroyed by “underwater mine” with 260 dead Rickover later proved internal explosion U.S. public angered - blame placed on Spain “Free Cuba!” “Remember the Maine!” President William McKinley Congress declares war on Spain -- April 1898

Fighting the War: 

Fighting the War Geography Spanish Empire - Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam U.S. strategic interests Panama Canal, Hawaii U.S forces Atlantic: Sampson/Schley Asiatic: Dewey (China/Japan)

Naval Orders of Battle: 

Naval Orders of Battle United States North Atlantic Squadron Sampson based in Key West Schley’s “Flying Squadron” in Norfolk USS Oregon sent from Pacific to Atlantic Asiatic Squadron Commanded by Commodore George Dewey at Hong Kong Sent by Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt Spain Inferior naval forces. Montojo - Manila Bay Cervera - Cape Verde Islands

Fighting the War: 

Fighting the War Cuba Blockade of Santiago harbor (1 May) Amphibious landing at Daiquiri (June 20) Destruction of Cevera’s Fleet (July 3) Sampson/Schley command controversy Naval Results

Fighting the War: Pacific: 

Fighting the War: Pacific Philippines: Phase I Dewey was given command; met his flagship Olympia in Japan Prepped ships for war with overhauls and drills in Hong Kong. Received notice of war by cable

Slide8: 

Entered Manila Bay 1 May 1898 with the intentions of destroying or capturing the Spanish Fleet Enroute constantly drilled crews

Slide9: 

Admiral Dewey: 4 cruisers, 2 gunboats & a revenue cutter Gunnery and fire control drills on the way to Manila Admiral Montojo 2 cruisers (1 modern & 1 immobile) & 5 other ships at Manila Spanish use shore guns to augment anchored fleet

Slide10: 

Dewey: “You may fire when you are ready, Gridley” Spanish Fleet sunk at anchor Superior American gunnery Americans  170 hits Spanish  15 hits Dewey a national hero Siege of Manila follows with Army troops

Fighting the War: 

Fighting the War Other islands - Wake seized, Guam seized, Hawaii annexed Bases needed to reinforce SLOCs with Philippines Philippines: Phase II War against Philippine Nationalists Philippine Insurrection or Filipino-American War- 1899-1902. U.S. establishes control of entire Philippine Archipelago.

CommodoreGeorgeDeweyCommanderU.S. Asiatic SquadronSpanish-American War: 

Commodore George Dewey Commander U.S. Asiatic Squadron Spanish-American War

Fighting the War: Atlantic/Caribbean: 

Fighting the War: Atlantic/Caribbean American Sampson at Key West Schley’s Flying Squadron at Norfolk Trip of USS Oregon gave U.S. 5 BBs & 2 armored cruisers Spanish 4 Cruisers & 2 Destroyers under Cervera

Slide15: 

Sampson planned to meet Cervera at San Juan, PR but Spanish refueled at Curcao Mahan condemned Sampson’s advance on P.R. Cuba was the strategic objective Sampson blockaded Havana & sent Schley to Cienfuegoes but Spanish went to Santiago Cervera just getting to Cuba was an accomplishment. American squadrons unorganized and outguessed

Slide16: 

Schley ( 28 May), then Sampson (1 June) arrive and begins 1 month long blockade Santiago harbor Sampson couldn’t enter the harbor due to mines & shore batteries Americans needed command of the seas before operations could be waged elsewhere Sampson requested troops to capture shore batteries so mines could be removed No overall commander between Army/Navy

Slide17: 

Sampson and Shafter have a meeting to agree on a course of action. Both leave satisfied Shafter- Santiago, Sampson- Batteries Marines seized Guantanamo for logistics base

Battle of Santiago: 

Battle of Santiago Amphibious landing at Daiquiri Confusion between Army and Navy: Shafter and Sampson Army went after town instead & got bogged down then asked Navy to force the harbor to relieve them through the mine field Rough Riders’ Teddy Roosevelt Leads charge at the Battle of San Juan Hill Spanish governor orders fleet to flee harbor - 1 July 1898 Sampson / Schley command controversy

Battle of Santiago 3 July 1898: 

Battle of Santiago 3 July 1898

Battle of Santiago: 

Battle of Santiago On 3 July 1898, Spanish make their run Inferior Spanish fleet annihilated by superior, better managed U.S. fleet Colon interesting incentive to outrun the US Fleet Spanish losses 160 killed, 1800 captured American losses 1 killed, 1 wounded Peace treaty signed 10 Dec 1898 Spanish home fleet recalled while en route to the Philippines fearing North Atlantic Fleet

Results and lessons: 

Results and lessons Spanish home fleet recalled while en route to the Philippines U.S. technological superiority overwhelms Spanish U.S. becomes dominant power in the Caribbean Sea Improvement needed in fire control and amphibious doctrine

Slide25: 

U.S. Empire From Spain: Possession of Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines. Naval base in Cuba Formerly independent: Wake, Hawaii, Samoa (Harbor of Pago Pago) U.S. in undisputed control of the Caribbean

American Pacific TerritoriesCoaling Stations for Ships: 

American Pacific Territories Coaling Stations for Ships

Slide27: 

Sampson/Schley command controversy U.S. technological superiority proves overwhelming (battleships and big guns) Battleships enshrined as principal warship New construction programs to be completed by 1905; 10 first-rate battleships, 4 armored cruisers & 17 other types Recognized need for improvement in fire control and amphibious doctrine

Slide28: 

Dewey to head new General Board; first peace time U.S. strategic planning Devise war plans Assess of foreign navies Influence President & Secretary of State Mahan's advocacy of fleet engagements vindicated (commerce raiding discredited)

Slide29: 

Global empire yields bases and expanded obligations Oregon’s dash renewed desire for isthmian canal to link Atlantic and Pacific Fleets, construction begun under Theodore Roosevelt, 1904-1914

Progressive Era Politics (1901-1914): 

Progressive Era Politics (1901-1914) Strong Presidents: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. Republican Congress funds battleships and canal construction. Large increases in federal budget. Large increase in percentage of federal budget for Department of the Navy. Dewey and General Board Access to Secretary of the Navy and / or the President on a regular basis due to increased importance of the Navy.

Prewar International Concerns(1900-1914): 

Prewar International Concerns (1900-1914) Expanding Interests of Germany, U.S. attention to Caribbean Expanding Interests of Japan, U.S. attention in Pacific

The Caribbean: 

The Caribbean Threat: Germany U.S. has stake in Caribbean Annexation of Puerto Rico Naval base in Cuba Germany has strong interest in Latin America Venezuela Crisis (1902) Germany wants base there Germany (plus Britain, Italy) blockades to recover from default on 12.5 million loan

Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine: 

Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine Caribbean Sea Vital defense of the U.S. - Navy protects access to Panama Canal European relations with Latin America Venezuela Crisis (1902) demonstrates need for U.S. to ensure European powers need not intervene in Western Hemisphere Theodore Roosevelt (December 1904): U.S. obligated “in flagrant cases of wrong-doing or impotence (in Latin America) to the exercise of an international police power.”

Roosevelt Corollary: 

Roosevelt Corollary Constant interventions by Navy and Marines: Haiti, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic Cuba - Platt Amendment Vera Cruz, Mexico “Yankee Imperialism” despised by many Latin Americans

Panama Canal: 

Panama Canal Renewed U.S. desire for canal in Central America Link between Atlantic and Pacific Fleets Need for the canal is highlighted by USS Oregon’s long transit to the Battle of Santiago Strong support from President Theodore Roosevelt Panamanian Revolution against Colombia - 1903 Engineered and influenced by U.S. Panama Canal Zone ceded to U.S. Construction of the canal begins in 1904 Completed in 1914 Increased importance of U.S. control of Caribbean Sea Protection of Panama Canal is vital to defense of the U.S.

U.S. Interests in the Far East: 

U.S. Interests in the Far East War Plan Orange U.S. Navy plan for war with Japan Defense of the Philippines and defeat of the Japanese Navy

Slide37: 

U.S. “Open Door” policy in China: Policy has two aspects (1) Ensure territorial integrity of China (2) Ensure free trade in China for all countries. China’s Boxer Rebellion - 1900 U.S. Marine Regiment attached to U.S. Army force protecting Westerners Counter European and Japanese attempts at “spheres of influence” Yangtze River Patrol - U.S. gunboats protect American commerce

Western Relief Expedition to PekingBoxer Rebellion1900: 

Western Relief Expedition to Peking Boxer Rebellion 1900

The Rise of Japanese Sea Power: 

The Rise of Japanese Sea Power

Opening and Modernization: 

Opening and Modernization Commodore M.C. Perry - 1854 Treaty of Kanagawa European powers quickly follow U.S. lead Meiji Restoration - 1868 End of Tokugawa Shogunate’s feudal system Emperor restored to power Increased trade with the West Rapid modernization of industry and armed forces Colonial expansion begins on Pacific Islands Japanese Navy From the Age of Galleys directly to the Modern Age Skips entirely the Age of Sail

Sino-Japanese War(1894-95): 

Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) Conflict with China Ryukus Taiwan Korea Japanese make a surprise first strike Prior to declaration of war Battle of the Yalu: Chinese fleet takes “V” formation Japanese divide fleet into two squadrons Outcome: Expansion of Japanese Empire in East Asia Korea Taiwan (Formosa) and Pescadores Port Arthur

Russo-Japanese War (1904-05): 

Russo-Japanese War (1904-05) Japan forced to withdraw from Korea and Port Arthur Russian Expansion into the Far East Trans-Siberian Railway Chinese allow Russian construction through Manchuria. Russian Naval Base at Vladivostok Port Arthur and Manchuria Occupied by Russian forces Korea threatened Anglo-Japanese Alliance - 1902 Attempt by Japan to keep European powers out of the war Japanese strike first again Battle of the Yellow Sea

Balance of Power: 

Balance of Power Japan Disadvantages Number of Troops Fleet Strength Natural Resources Advantages Strategic Center Multiple Naval Bases First Strike Russia Advantages Number of Troops Fleet Strength Natural Resources Disadvantages Division of Forces Three Fleets Lines of Communication Trans-Siberian RR Initial Defensive Strategy

Battle of Tsushima Strait: 

Battle of Tsushima Strait Baltic Fleet commanded by Admiral Zinovi Rozhestvenski Transit to Vladivostok Protection of supply ships Vice Admiral Heihachiro Togo Togo “Crosses the T” -- Decisive Japanese victory Lessons learned: Rear Admiral Nebogatov - Surrender not an option Heavy armor and guns Semi-independent divisions Dividing the fleet Treaty of Portsmouth - President Theodore Roosevelt: Port Arthur and Southern Sakhalin ceded to Japan Japan becomes the dominant power in the Far East

Increases in U.S. Naval Power: 

Increases in U.S. Naval Power By 1898 4 1st Class Battleships: Indiana, Massachusetts, Oregon, and Iowa 2 2nd Class Battleships: Texas and Maine 2 Armored Cruisers 10 Protected Cruisers Gunboats, Monitors, Torpedo Boats Modern technology in the fleet: Steam, armor, and rifled breech-loading guns

PresidentTheodore RooseveltandRear AdmiralRobley D. “Fighting Bob” EvansPrior to the sailing of the Great White Fleet - 1907: 

President Theodore Roosevelt and Rear Admiral Robley D. “Fighting Bob” Evans Prior to the sailing of the Great White Fleet - 1907

The Great White Fleet: 

The Great White Fleet

Route of the Great White Fleet: (1907-08): 

Route of the Great White Fleet: (1907-08)

HMS Dreadnought: 

HMS Dreadnought First all “big gun” Battleship - Eight 12-inch guns

HMS Dreadnought: 

HMS Dreadnought

Dawn of Naval Aviation: 

Dawn of Naval Aviation Wright Brothers -- Kitty Hawk, North Carolina: 1903 Eugene Ely First flight of an aircraft from a ship in 1910 First landing of an aircraft on a ship in 1911 Glenn Curtiss - First seaplane landing - 1911 Lieutenant “Spuds” Ellyson: Naval Aviator #1

Slide52: 

Birthday of Naval Aviation: 8 May 1911 U.S. Navy purchases two Curtiss biplanes Office of Naval Aeronautics established in 1914 Early naval aviation missions: Scouting location of the enemy fleet Directing naval gunfire Royal Navy in a similar stage of development of aviation

Slide53: 

Discussion Next time: The U.S. Navy and the World at War, 1914-1918