logging in or signing up Transport Costs Jancis Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1545 Category: Entertainment License: All Rights Reserved Like it (2) Dislike it (0) Added: November 07, 2007 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: sahboob (26 month(s) ago) thank for this good power point Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: nikhil123456 (34 month(s) ago) vbhhzhb Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Transport Costs: Transport Costs Factors and IssuesComponents of Transport Cost: Components of Transport Cost A B Friction of Space Transaction Costs ShipmentDistance, Modal Choice and Transport Costs : Distance Transport costs per unit Road Rail Maritime D1 D2 C1 C2 C3 Distance, Modal Choice and Transport Costs Shape of Transport Cost Curves: Shape of Transport Cost Curves Many simple models, such as Von Thunen and Weber view transport costs as: 1. Proportional to distance 2. Each additional unit of distance adds an equal increment of cost In reality transport costs are less than proportional to distance—why? Existence of fixed costs of transport facilities incurred regardless of length of journey Fixed or terminal costs (interest on capital, costs of maintaining plant and equipment, depreciation) dilute the unit cost as distance increases Therefore costs per mile tend to decline with increasing distanceFixed and Operating Transport Costs: Fixed and Operating Transport CostsFixed and Running Costs: Fixed and Running Costs Highway and trucking costs are only slightly less than proportional to distance This is due to very low terminal charges (fixed costs are only 10 % of total) Rail and Water- relatively high terminal charges but lower line haul costs Rail and Water networks are coarser than highway- fewer terminal facilities but larger in scale Containerization has helped reduced costs and port costs are becoming more and more efficientStructure of Airline Costs: Structure of Airline Costs Fixed/Overhead- carrier’s capital especially aircraft 17 % Operating-Direct-dependent on type of aircraft: flight crew, fuel, maintenance, depreciation, landing fees, leasing 60 % Operating-Indirect- passenger related: passenger services, ticketing, station and ground costs, administrative 23% Fixed and Variable Costs and Service in the Transportation System: Fixed and Variable Costs and Service in the Transportation SystemCost Variations in Transport: Cost Variations in Transport Postage Stamp Rates- simplest possible structure – uniform rate irrespective of distance Blanket Rate- similar rates for broad zones Example: Freight rates for lumber Origin zone: Washington/Oregon to: Montana- .76-100/ 100lbs Colorado-Wyoming- 1.11 Texas-Louisiana- 1.36 Minnesota-Nebraska, Kansas- 1.26 Tennessee, Alabama Georgia- 1.50 Indiana>>>>New England – 1.48 Distance ZonesZonal Freight Rates: Zonal Freight Rates Distance Costs I II III IV Flat zonal rate Real transport cost D1 D2Cost Variations in Transport: Cost Variations in Transport Differences in Cost of Services: Loading characteristics- light, bulky goods demand higher charges than heavy, compact articles Size of Shipment- large, single consignments permit economies in administration and terminal costs Susceptibility to Loss and Damage and Risk Liability- a. fragile and/or perishable goods- b. refrigerated, insulation and special packaging Cost Variations in Transport: Cost Variations in Transport Elasticity of Demand- goods of high unit value are better able to bear costs of transport than low value goods- “charge what traffic will bear” Competition between Transport Modes Example: Rail wishes to compete with trucks on short haul must keep rates down Example: Rail Movement of Phosphate Rock from Tampa Norfolk .62 rate per ton/mile Lynchburg .95 Knoxville 1.10 Greensboro 1.11 Montgomery 1.37 Pensacola .97 Other examples: Wine ship Angelo PetriWine Ship and Transport Costs: Wine Ship and Transport Costs Wine grapes- 80% come from California Tanker ships can penetrate the Central Valley- converted oil tanker 26 stainless tanks 2.5 mil gals Shipped in bulk from California to East Coast Logistics problem of small region producing large amount of wine to distribute nationwide Shipping wine in bottles or bulk means large cost difference Rail only – bulk shipment from the West Coast to East and Midwest then bottled and shipped at higher rates Wine ship operation impacts- lowers rate by sea to bottling plants Wine ship competes with rail operationsConditions Affecting Transport Costs: Conditions Affecting Transport CostsConditions Affecting Transport Costs: Conditions Affecting Transport CostsTransport and Market Areas: Transport and Market Areas Market areas are carved out of space by interactions between supply and demand If product is standardized each market point will buy from production center that can supply it most cheaply Market areas are shaped by cheap or limited access routes which might expand market boundary Example: Inter-coastal trade via Panama Canal- producers located on either coast can ship to the other coast more cheaply than rivals inland This route more and more important given jams in port facilitiesMarket Boundary Overlap: Market Boundary Overlap Boundaries between market areas are often blurred Implies absorption of distribution costs by buyer, seller or shipper Geographical Price Discrimination- extra costs of long distance distribution not reflected in price of commodity Seller will profit by adjusting or taking control of delivered prices not in accord with transfer rates Push down price where competition is high and demand is elastic Push price upwards where competition is low and demand is inelastic Freight Absorption- another form of geog price discrim Discriminate against near buyers so sellers assume transport costs to distant markets Sellers often has more intense competition in remote market than at home Freight absorption usually takes form of uniform price over large areas: toothpasteModal Competition: Modal Competition A B Mode 1 2 3 A B Infrastructure / Route A B A B 4 5 6 A B Market AreaAverage Length of Haul by Major Commodity Group, 2002: Average Length of Haul by Major Commodity Group, 2002Shipment Size and Transport Costs: Shipment Size and Transport CostsTop 10 Commodity Groups Ranked by Value Per Ton, United States, 2002 : Top 10 Commodity Groups Ranked by Value Per Ton, United States, 2002 Transport Costs by Industry Type, 1999: Transport Costs by Industry Type, 1999FOB and CIF Transport Costs: FOB and CIF Transport Costs } Production Costs Distance Costs Freight-on-Board Cost-Insurance-FreightCIF and FOB: CIF and FOB CIF- trade term requiring the seller to arrange for the carriage of goods by sea to a port of destination, and provide the buyer with the documents necessary to obtain the goods from the carrier. FOB- A trade term requiring the seller to deliver goods on board a vessel designated by the buyer. The seller fulfills his obligations to deliver when the goods have passed over the ship's rail. When used in trade terms, the word "free" means the seller has an obligation to deliver goods to a named place for transfer to a carrier You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
Transport Costs Jancis Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1545 Category: Entertainment License: All Rights Reserved Like it (2) Dislike it (0) Added: November 07, 2007 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: sahboob (26 month(s) ago) thank for this good power point Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: nikhil123456 (34 month(s) ago) vbhhzhb Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Transport Costs: Transport Costs Factors and IssuesComponents of Transport Cost: Components of Transport Cost A B Friction of Space Transaction Costs ShipmentDistance, Modal Choice and Transport Costs : Distance Transport costs per unit Road Rail Maritime D1 D2 C1 C2 C3 Distance, Modal Choice and Transport Costs Shape of Transport Cost Curves: Shape of Transport Cost Curves Many simple models, such as Von Thunen and Weber view transport costs as: 1. Proportional to distance 2. Each additional unit of distance adds an equal increment of cost In reality transport costs are less than proportional to distance—why? Existence of fixed costs of transport facilities incurred regardless of length of journey Fixed or terminal costs (interest on capital, costs of maintaining plant and equipment, depreciation) dilute the unit cost as distance increases Therefore costs per mile tend to decline with increasing distanceFixed and Operating Transport Costs: Fixed and Operating Transport CostsFixed and Running Costs: Fixed and Running Costs Highway and trucking costs are only slightly less than proportional to distance This is due to very low terminal charges (fixed costs are only 10 % of total) Rail and Water- relatively high terminal charges but lower line haul costs Rail and Water networks are coarser than highway- fewer terminal facilities but larger in scale Containerization has helped reduced costs and port costs are becoming more and more efficientStructure of Airline Costs: Structure of Airline Costs Fixed/Overhead- carrier’s capital especially aircraft 17 % Operating-Direct-dependent on type of aircraft: flight crew, fuel, maintenance, depreciation, landing fees, leasing 60 % Operating-Indirect- passenger related: passenger services, ticketing, station and ground costs, administrative 23% Fixed and Variable Costs and Service in the Transportation System: Fixed and Variable Costs and Service in the Transportation SystemCost Variations in Transport: Cost Variations in Transport Postage Stamp Rates- simplest possible structure – uniform rate irrespective of distance Blanket Rate- similar rates for broad zones Example: Freight rates for lumber Origin zone: Washington/Oregon to: Montana- .76-100/ 100lbs Colorado-Wyoming- 1.11 Texas-Louisiana- 1.36 Minnesota-Nebraska, Kansas- 1.26 Tennessee, Alabama Georgia- 1.50 Indiana>>>>New England – 1.48 Distance ZonesZonal Freight Rates: Zonal Freight Rates Distance Costs I II III IV Flat zonal rate Real transport cost D1 D2Cost Variations in Transport: Cost Variations in Transport Differences in Cost of Services: Loading characteristics- light, bulky goods demand higher charges than heavy, compact articles Size of Shipment- large, single consignments permit economies in administration and terminal costs Susceptibility to Loss and Damage and Risk Liability- a. fragile and/or perishable goods- b. refrigerated, insulation and special packaging Cost Variations in Transport: Cost Variations in Transport Elasticity of Demand- goods of high unit value are better able to bear costs of transport than low value goods- “charge what traffic will bear” Competition between Transport Modes Example: Rail wishes to compete with trucks on short haul must keep rates down Example: Rail Movement of Phosphate Rock from Tampa Norfolk .62 rate per ton/mile Lynchburg .95 Knoxville 1.10 Greensboro 1.11 Montgomery 1.37 Pensacola .97 Other examples: Wine ship Angelo PetriWine Ship and Transport Costs: Wine Ship and Transport Costs Wine grapes- 80% come from California Tanker ships can penetrate the Central Valley- converted oil tanker 26 stainless tanks 2.5 mil gals Shipped in bulk from California to East Coast Logistics problem of small region producing large amount of wine to distribute nationwide Shipping wine in bottles or bulk means large cost difference Rail only – bulk shipment from the West Coast to East and Midwest then bottled and shipped at higher rates Wine ship operation impacts- lowers rate by sea to bottling plants Wine ship competes with rail operationsConditions Affecting Transport Costs: Conditions Affecting Transport CostsConditions Affecting Transport Costs: Conditions Affecting Transport CostsTransport and Market Areas: Transport and Market Areas Market areas are carved out of space by interactions between supply and demand If product is standardized each market point will buy from production center that can supply it most cheaply Market areas are shaped by cheap or limited access routes which might expand market boundary Example: Inter-coastal trade via Panama Canal- producers located on either coast can ship to the other coast more cheaply than rivals inland This route more and more important given jams in port facilitiesMarket Boundary Overlap: Market Boundary Overlap Boundaries between market areas are often blurred Implies absorption of distribution costs by buyer, seller or shipper Geographical Price Discrimination- extra costs of long distance distribution not reflected in price of commodity Seller will profit by adjusting or taking control of delivered prices not in accord with transfer rates Push down price where competition is high and demand is elastic Push price upwards where competition is low and demand is inelastic Freight Absorption- another form of geog price discrim Discriminate against near buyers so sellers assume transport costs to distant markets Sellers often has more intense competition in remote market than at home Freight absorption usually takes form of uniform price over large areas: toothpasteModal Competition: Modal Competition A B Mode 1 2 3 A B Infrastructure / Route A B A B 4 5 6 A B Market AreaAverage Length of Haul by Major Commodity Group, 2002: Average Length of Haul by Major Commodity Group, 2002Shipment Size and Transport Costs: Shipment Size and Transport CostsTop 10 Commodity Groups Ranked by Value Per Ton, United States, 2002 : Top 10 Commodity Groups Ranked by Value Per Ton, United States, 2002 Transport Costs by Industry Type, 1999: Transport Costs by Industry Type, 1999FOB and CIF Transport Costs: FOB and CIF Transport Costs } Production Costs Distance Costs Freight-on-Board Cost-Insurance-FreightCIF and FOB: CIF and FOB CIF- trade term requiring the seller to arrange for the carriage of goods by sea to a port of destination, and provide the buyer with the documents necessary to obtain the goods from the carrier. FOB- A trade term requiring the seller to deliver goods on board a vessel designated by the buyer. The seller fulfills his obligations to deliver when the goods have passed over the ship's rail. When used in trade terms, the word "free" means the seller has an obligation to deliver goods to a named place for transfer to a carrier