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Slide1: 

Social and Health Consequences of Indoor Climate Control Christian Warren, Ph.D. New York Academy of Medicine

John Gorrie, MD: 1803-1855: 

John Gorrie, MD: 1803-1855 Father of Refrigeration? First Patent for Mechanical Refrigeration (1851) Air Conditioning for Yellow Fever? "Nature would terminate the fevers by changing the seasons. ”

Overview: 

Background: the migration to the great indoors Keeping Cool before the Freon Age Homes and Hospitals History of Air Conditioning General Southern Hospital Health Consequences of AC Social Consequences The end of Southern Distinctiveness? The Medicalization of Air Conditioning Overview

Keeping Cool: 

Context: the move indoors Comfort Health Keeping Cool

Keeping cool prior to AC: 

Keeping cool prior to AC Cracker vernacular

Keeping cool prior to AC: 

Keeping cool prior to AC Cracker vernacular Lavalle House, Pensacola

Keeping cool prior to AC: 

Keeping cool prior to AC Cracker vernacular

Keeping cool prior to AC: 

Keeping cool prior to AC Cracker vernacular

Keeping cool prior to AC: 

Keeping cool prior to AC Hospitals Pennsylvania Hospital (est. 1755) (this image from early 1800s)

Keeping cool prior to AC: 

Keeping cool prior to AC Hospitals Pavilion

Keeping cool prior to AC: 

Keeping cool prior to AC Hospitals Carver General Hospital - Washington, D.C.

Keeping cool prior to AC: 

Keeping cool prior to AC Hospitals General Hospital Buffalo NY

Keeping cool prior to AC: 

Keeping cool prior to AC Hospitals Harris Memorial, Ft. Worth

Keeping cool prior to AC: 

Keeping cool prior to AC Hospitals Bay Pines VA Hospital

History of air conditioning: 

History of air conditioning Meat before Humans Factories before Homes

Air Conditioning and the South: 

Air Conditioning and the South Southern Industries Textiles Tobacco Cooling Southerners Theaters Fans before Freon

History of air conditioning: 

History of air conditioning Freonization of America Before WWII, AC mostly in Commercial Buildings Milam Building (1928)

History of air conditioning: 

History of air conditioning Freonization of America Home Sales lag 1947 Sales 40K Residential sales only 2% of AC industry Revolution comes 1951

History of air conditioning: 

History of air conditioning Window Units!

History of air conditioning: 

History of air conditioning

AC in hospitals: 

AC in hospitals Inhibiting Factors Costs Hospitalism First Adopters: Operating Rooms Special Wards

AC in hospitals: 

AC in hospitals The J. Hillis Miller Health Center

AC in hospitals: 

AC in hospitals

AC in hospitals: 

AC in hospitals “Will Air Conditioning make the window another disposable?” Canadian Hospital, 1965

AC in hospitals: 

AC in hospitals More than cooling Contaminant Source Control Proper Ventilation Humidity Management Adequate Filtration

Health Consequences of AC: 

Health Consequences of AC Seasonal Mortality 19th Century: Eliminating Epidemics

Health Consequences of AC: 

Health Consequences of AC Seasonal Mortality Winter’s chilling effect first to go Case Study: Coronary Deaths 1937-1970 W/S decline 1970-1992, W/S rises

Health Consequences of AC: 

Health Consequences of AC AC Saves Lives

Health Consequences of AC: 

Health Consequences of AC Negative Effects Recirculation of “Stale” air Broadcast of Infectious agents Legionnaire’s Disease Humidity-related ENT/respiratory problems Black Mold

Health Consequences of AC: 

Health Consequences of AC Collateral Effects of Life Indoors Asthma Obesity Type II Diabetes

Social Consequences: 

Social Consequences The End of Southern Distinctiveness? Southern Anxiety “The Rules are Different Here” AC as Northern Invader

Social Consequences: 

Social Consequences History of distinctive Southern diseases Infectious diseases: malaria, yellow fever, enteric diseases of all sorts associated with poor sanitation Diseases of poverty: hookworm, pellagra, Tuberculosis, even rickets Ellsworth Huntington thesis Climate Determines Culture

AC and Southern Health Distinctiveness: 

Asthma Prevalence Mortality AC and Southern Health Distinctiveness

AC and Southern Health Distinctiveness: 

Obesity National Rate: 22 percent Six of ten “fattest” are southern Exception: Florida and Virginia AC and Southern Health Distinctiveness No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25% 2004

AC and Southern Health Distinctiveness: 

Mortality 8 of “top 10” are southern Exception: Florida <National average AC’s role in this? AC and Southern Health Distinctiveness

Medicalization of Air Conditioning: 

Medicalization of Air Conditioning Does AC make us healthier? Rene Dubos and other early doom-sayers Statistics don’t lie Or is AC a medical device?

Medicalization of Air Conditioning: 

Medicalization of Air Conditioning Other Medical Devices for Indoor Living Cancer Treatment Cardiovascular interventions Normalization of Diabetes II Asthma Others?

What would John Gorrie Say?: 

What would John Gorrie Say? C’mon In!

Slide40: 

Social and Health Consequences of Indoor Climate Control Christian Warren, Ph.D. New York Academy of Medicine

Notes Sprawl 1: 

Notes Sprawl 1

Notes low density housing: 

Notes low density housing

Notes Sprawl: 

Notes Sprawl

notes: 

notes