Seattle Cakmak

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Exploitation of wild wheats for increasing zinc and iron in modern wheat Ismail Cakmak Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey Triticum dicoccoides tetraploid wild wheat

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MAJOR REASON FOR MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES

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Improving Cereal Genotypes with Micronutrients By Breeding Genotypic variation in Zn and Fe concentration within cultivated cereals is relatively small and cannot greatly contribute to development of new genotypes with high concentration and bioavailability of Zn and Fe in seeds

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Range of seed concentrations of Fe and Zn in different modern cultivated wheat cultivars Seeds used for analysis came from different individual experiments

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Decrease in Micronutrient Concentration With Wheat Domestication....

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Most of the wild wheats originated from Turkey (Salamini et al. 2002, Nature Rev. Genetics, 3: 429-44) . TURKEY

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Seed concentration of Fe and Zn in various Tr. dicoccoides germplasms from different sources/regions Cakmak et al., 2004, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. in press

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Seed content of Fe and Zn in various Tr. dicoccoides germplasms from different sources/regions Cakmak et al., 2004, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. in press

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Correlation between Zn and Fe contents

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SEEDS WITH HIGH Zn CONTENT SHOW EXCELLENT PERFORMANCE ON Zn-DEFICIENT SOILS Tr. Diccocoides accessions have been identified containing up to 7 g Zn per seed (general average of Zn-content in cultivated modern wheats: approx. 1 g)

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Improving Human Nutrition Resistance to Pests and Diseases Decreasing Seeding Rate Better Seedling Vigour Improving Abiotic Stress Tolerance SEED ZINC

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Source: Yilmaz et al., 1998, J. Plant Nutr. 21: 2257-2264 0.36 g Zn seed-1 1.47 g Zn seed-1 0.80 g Zn seed-1 Influence of Seed Zn Content on Growth of Bread Wheat in a Zinc-Deficient Soil in Central Anatolia

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+Zn -Zn +Zn -Zn Field-Screening for Tolerance to Zn Deficiency Zinc Deficieny in Anatolia

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Consumption of Zn-Containing Fertilizers in Turkey Following NATO-Zn project Source: Turkish Fertilizer Producer Association, 2001 Ministry of Agriculture, 2004

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Wild wheats also represent important source of genes contributing to Zn deficiency tolerance

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Adaptation of Aegilops to Zn-deficient soil in Central Anatolia Modern wheat sensitive to Zn deficiency Aegilops tolerant to Zn deficiency Cakmak et al., 1999

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Growth of Triticum turgidum after transfer of D genom from Aegilops tauschii in Zn-Deficient Soil without Zn Supply (amphiploid: synthetic wheat) T. turgidum Amphiploid A. tauschii - Zn Source: Cakmak et al., 1999; Plant and Soil AABB DD AABBDD

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Chromosomal localization of genes affecting high levels of Zn and Fe in seeds of Triticum dicoccoides

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Seed concentrations of Zn and Fe of Chinese Spring/Triticum dicoccoides substution lines grown in greenhouse A-Chromosome lines Cakmak et al., 2004, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. in press

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B-Chromosome substution lines

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Parents LDN 27.7±3.3 1.3±0.2 47.0±4.5 20.0±2.2 LDN-Dic6B (High-GPC) 24.2±2.1 2.0±0.3 74.0±11.9 27.0±11.9 Lines 6BS High-GPC 19 45.7±6.4 1.7±0.2 46.0±6.1 25.0±6.7 6BS High-GPC 33 45.0±0.8 1.0±0.7 41.0±2.3 32.0±11.2 Low GPC 77 20.6±0.5 1.5±0.6 44.0±7.0 22.0±5.9 Low GPC 14 23.7±1.5 2.1±0.3 59.0±5.4 19.0±2.9 Zn Cu Mn Fe (µg g-1) Micronutrient concentrations in selected lines of a mapping population derived from 6B chromosome (Unpublished results; cooperation with Haifa University)

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Nitrogen/Protein Effect on Zn/Fe Concentration of Seeds Seed Effect protein synthesis storage proteins sink activity Re-translocation chelators Transporter proteins Transport chelators ................... Mobilization & Uptake Transporter proteins pH changes root exudation root growth microbial activity

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Triticum dicoccoides: A Promising Resource for Increasing Micronutrient Concentration in Modern Wheat Source of Picture: http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/schaugarten/Triticumaestivum/Weizen.html CONCLUSIONS

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In Chinese Spring (bread wheat)–Tr. dicoccoides substution lines, 6A, 6B and 5B chromosomes were effective to increase Zn and Fe concentrations. In Langdon (durum wheat) – Tr. dicoccoides substution lines, only 6B chromosome was effective to increase Zn and Fe concentrations.

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Should the genes encoding for high Zn-Fe and high protein be closely linked, selection for high Zn-Fe concentration in seeds could be associated with simultaneous increase in protein content. The close relationship between Zn-Fe and protein accumulation in seeds opens an exciting research area for the future.