berkeley04r

The Future of Very Long Baseline Interferometry and AGN surveys at milliarcsecond resolution: 

The Future of Very Long Baseline Interferometry and AGN surveys at milliarcsecond resolution Greg Taylor NRAO/KIPAC Berkeley RAL Seminar, 2004 November 29

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Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) Dedicated in 1993 10 antennas recording to tape Correlator in Socorro, NM Combinable with Global Arrays Frequencies ranging from 330 MHz to 86 GHz Angular resolution to 100 microarcseconds at highest frequency

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Discovery Space

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VLBA Time Lapse Movie courtesy Enno Middelberg and the NRAO site Techs

Mapping the Future of VLBI Science in the U.S.: 

Mapping the Future of VLBI Science in the U.S. http://www.nrao.edu/VLBIfuture VLBI Future Committee: Shep Doeleman (Haystack Obs.) Dave Hough (Trinity College) Shri Kulkarni (Caltech) Colin Lonsdale (Haystack Obs.) co-chair Alan Marscher (Boston Univ.) Chris O'Dea (STScI) Greg Taylor (NRAO) co-chair David Wilner (Harvard-Smithsonian CfA) Joan Wrobel (NRAO)

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Future Science Prospects Imaging Massive Black Holes Gravitational Lenses – Where is the Dark Matter? Supernova Factories and nascent AGNs Launching AGN Jets Kinematics of the Local Group Magnetism in Stars Binary Black Holes Imaging Cosmic Explosions from GRBs and SNe

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Gravitational Radii (0.5 R_sch) Falcke et al.

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SNe in Arp 220 VLBI at 1.4 GHz Lonsdale et al. in prep. 2” ~ 0.7 kpc at 75 Mpc

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Future Science Prospects Imaging Massive Black Holes Gravitational Lenses – Where is the Dark Matter? Supernova Factories and nascent AGNs Launching AGN Jets Kinematics of the Local Group Magnetism in Stars Binary Black Holes Imaging Cosmic Explosions from GRBs and SNe

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Rotation of M33 Brunthaler et al. VLBA over 3 years with 10 microarcsec astrometry D = 695 +/ 105 kpc

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Future Science Prospects Imaging Massive Black Holes Gravitational Lenses – Where is the Dark Matter? Supernova Factories and nascent AGNs Launching AGN Jets Kinematics of the Local Group Magnetism in Stars Binary Black Holes Imaging Cosmic Explosions from GRBs and SNe

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Ly, Walker & Wrobel 2003

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0402+379 Maness et al. 2004 A Close Binary Black Hole Candidate

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0402+379 neutral hydrogen in absorption v ~ 1000 km/s r ~ 10 pc M ~ 1010 Msun

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Future Science Prospects Imaging Massive Black Holes Gravitational Lenses – Where is the Dark Matter? Supernova Factories and nascent AGNs Launching AGN Jets Kinematics of the Local Group Magnetism in Stars Binary Black Holes Imaging Cosmic Explosions from GRBs and SNe

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GRB 030329 Taylor et al 2004. June 20, 2003 +83 days Peak ~ 3 mJy Size 0.172 +/- 0.043 mas 0.5 +/- 0.1 pc average velocity = 3c VLBA+Y27+GBT+EB+AR+WB = 0.11 km2

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R ~ (E/n)**1/8 E ~ 10**53 ergs (isotropic equivalent)

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Resolving the Afterglow 4th Epoch – May 19, t +51 days VLBA+EB+GBT+Y27 Beam is 0.67 x 0.24 mas Jet component at 0.28 +/- 0.05 mas Not consistent with standard model prediction of 0.12 mas expansion average expansion velocity of 19c

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Recommendations Hardware Implement Mark 5 disk-based recording Increase VLBI participation of GBT and Arecibo Upgrade the 22-86 GHz performance of the VLBA Investigate connections with EVLA and future facilities Support VLBI at mm wavelengths on new facilities

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Recommendations Software Dedicate new resources in order to: Improve ease-of-use Provide new capabilities Coordinate with activities in the U.S., Europe, and abroad

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Recommendations Astronomical Community Support graduate students at U.S. Universities Investigate financial support for time awarded on VLBI networks Send Greg on sabbatical to SLAC/Stanford

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Previous AGN surveys at mas resolution Pearson-Readhead (PR - 1988): 5 GHz, 35 sources Caltech-Jodrell Bank (CJ1 - 1995): 1.7 and 5 GHz, 65 sources Second Caltech-Jodrell Bank (CJ2 - 1994): 5 GHz, 192 sources CJ Flat spectrum (CJF – 1996): 5 GHz, 293 sources VLBA 2cm survey (2000): 15 GHz, 132 sources VSOP pre-launch survey (1998): 5 GHz, 374 sources USNO geodetic survey (2004): 2.2 and 8GHz, 452 sources Polarization: partial observations at a single frequency for PR and CJF Multi-epoch: PR, CJ, VLBA 2cm, USNO

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CJ2 Images At 5 GHz

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CSO Properties size < 1 kpc symmetric emission hot spots not strongly boosted weakly polarized (< 0.1 %) usually identified with galaxies often (not always) have a GHz Peaked Spectrum (GPS) moderately high luminosity P5GHz = 1025 W Hz-1 often have ‘S’ symmetry young (ages ~ 1000 y) Giroletti et al 2002

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CSO Ages Gugliucci et al. 2004 9/23 sources have ages < 500 years

CJF SurveyCaltech-Jodrell Bank flat-spectrum survey: 

CJF Survey Caltech-Jodrell Bank flat-spectrum survey 293 extragalactic radio sources Parent samples include: PR (’81, ’88), CJ1 (’95), CJ2 (’94) surveys Criteria: S4850  350 mJy α4850 and α1400  -0.5 δB1950  35º |b|  10 º

CJF PolarimetryCharacteristics, Classifications & Completeness: 

CJF Polarimetry Characteristics, Classifications & Completeness 182 CJF sources imaged with the VLBA on 1998 February, 1999 November and 2000 December ~300 hours of observation over 15 days Optical classifications by Henstock, Vermeulen & Taylor, 1995 give: 113 Quasars 36 Galaxies 11 BL Lacs 22 ‘others’ Redshift completeness: 83% (151/182)

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BL Lac Quasar Galaxy/CSO Quasar

Defining the Source Characteristics: 

Morphologies based on total intensity give: 37 naked cores, 137 core-jets and 8 compact symmetric objects Define jet angle (θ) using closest component to core Define jet length as distance to farthest component (irrespective of jet bend) Measure: Itot , ptot Icore , pcore (peak flux at core position in Jy beam-1) average mcore , mjet Defining the Source Characteristics

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Discussion K-S test says says mjet for BL Lacs is drawn from different parent distribution than Qs or Gs.

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Defining the Source Characteristics 0° 90°

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jet axis – Jet EVPA all consistent with flat distribution , no preferred orientation

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K-S test says 2% chance that |-core| is flat or randomly distributed Faraday rotation may conceal correlation jet axis – Core EVPA

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VLBA Imaging Polarimetry Survey (VIPS) Parent Sample: CLASS 1000 sources: S > 50 mJy, dec > 20, |b|>10 at 5 & 15 GHz Will require 1500 hours on the VLBA (63 days) @ 128 Mbps or 750 hours @ 256 Mbps Identifications and redshifts from SLOAN Goals: Characterize GLAST sources Understand polarization properties of AGN classes Study AGN environments via Faraday rotation Find new Compact Symmetric Objects Find (possibly) the first milli-lenses

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VIPS Pilot Project 4 x 12 hours with the VLBA on Mar 13, 14, Jun 28, Aug 18 24 target sources at 5 and 15 GHz 16 GB of data All data reduced by new pipeline procedures SDSS data: 22/24 sources identified (19 “star”, 3 galaxies) 8/24 have spectroscopic redshifts

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u,v coverage for 1543+517 in VIPS single frequency

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u,v coverage for 1543+517 in VIPS four frequencies

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Spectral Indices

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Polarization detected in 9/24 sources (38%) 1543+517

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Faraday Rotation Measures

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Zavala & Taylor (2002) 3C279 Rotation Measures changing in time

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Zavala & Taylor (2002) Source Screen Observer

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Summary Exciting time for VLBI: Major scientific results being made possible by new technologies Increased synergy with other wavelengths Good time for a big AGN survey: