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Sustainable Energy Forum and Climate Change InitiativeClean Air & Improved Urban Transport for Latin American Cities: 

Sustainable Energy Forum and Climate Change Initiative Clean Air & Improved Urban Transport for Latin American Cities Sergio Sanchez Clean Air Institute Washington DC November 29th, 2006

The Clean Air Initiative for LAC: 

The Clean Air Initiative for LAC CAI-LAC launched at World Bank in December 1998 Original Members: 7 Largest urban centers: Bogota, Buenos Aires, Lima-Callao, Mexico, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Sao Paulo International development agencies: World Bank, IADB, GTZ, Environment Canada, US EPA Private sector companies: CNN, Renault, Daimler-Chrysler, Volvo, Shell Industry associations: ARPEL/IPIECA

Slide3: 

“To improve air quality in Latin American cities and to mitigate global pollution through partnerships, contributing to enhance quality of life in the region”. Mission

Goals of New-Phase: 

Goals of New-Phase Expand and Diversify membership Strengthen CAI-LAC management and governance Develop and implement a regional estrategic framework Support development and implementation of national and local action plans Catalyze investments for Clean Air in Latin American cities.

Two sides, same story: 

Two sides, same story Burning of fossil fuels is the common cause of both urban Air Pollution and Climate Change An integrated approach to combat to local, regional and global air pollution poses important synergies

Health Impacts of outdoor air pollution in Latin America: 

Health Impacts of outdoor air pollution in Latin America 35,000 Annual Premature Mortality 276,000 Years of Life Lost (disability adjusted) Cost of urban air pollution: up to 5% of GDP in developing countries

Other effects of urban air pollution: 

Other effects of urban air pollution Soil acidification Agricultural loses Forest damages Effects on biodiversity Impacts on constructions and other materials

Impacts of Climate Change: 

Impacts of Climate Change Health impacts mortality related to weather, infectious diseases, respiratory diseases related to air quality Agricultural impacts Changes in forest composition and productivity Impacts to water supply, quality and composition Coastal land erosion and flooding

There is a growing international concern on long-range transport of air pollution due to its regional and transboundary implications: 

There is a growing international concern on long-range transport of air pollution due to its regional and transboundary implications Skies at North Indian are saturated with suspended particles all over the south extreme of the Himalayas Mountain, and travel to the south downwind over Bangladesh and the Bengali Bay

The Driving Forces The combined impacts of population growth, urbanization, motorization and increased energy use act as drivers for an increase in emissions in Latin American Cities: 

The Driving Forces The combined impacts of population growth, urbanization, motorization and increased energy use act as drivers for an increase in emissions in Latin American Cities

Latin America is the most highly urbanized region in the developing world: 

Latin America is the most highly urbanized region in the developing world Urban population is projected to grow more than 175 million people in the next 25 years. 435 million (2005) vs. 611 million in 2030. Almost 90% of the regional population is expected to live in cities in 2030. Source: UNHABITAT, 2001 Percentage of Urban Population In Latin America

Latin America has one of the highest motorization rate in the world.: 

Latin America has one of the highest motorization rate in the world. Vehicle fleet is projected to triple in the next 25 years, from around 60 million cars nowadays to almost 150 million in 2030.

Under current policies, energy use is expected to double in Latin America in the next 25 years.: 

Under current policies, energy use is expected to double in Latin America in the next 25 years. Much of this grow will be driven by the transport sector. Fossil fuels will continue to dominate the energy mix. Projected market trends raise serious concerns - Increased vulnerability to supply disruptions - Rising Carbon Dioxide Emissions - Huge Energy Investment Needs Source: International Energy Agency

The transport sector: Clean Air Priority Target: 

The transport sector: Clean Air Priority Target

Slide15: 

Mexico City’s Emission Inventory THE TRANSPORT SECTOR IS THE MAJOR SOURCE OF AIR POLLUTION IN MOST OF LATIN AMERICAN CITIES

CO2 emissions by sector (1990-2030): 

CO2 emissions by sector (1990-2030) The transport sector is also one of the major sources of GHG with a growing share

Air Pollution is higher at the proximity of the sources: 

Air Pollution is higher at the proximity of the sources High levels of pollutants in streets In Los Angeles, concentrations of CO and ultra-fine particles dropped by 60-80% within 100 meters of theroad (Zhu et al., 2002) Source: Zuk (2006)

Air Quality Trends: 

Air Quality Trends

Regional considerations: 

Regional considerations PM and Ozone are the most critical pollutants in a large number of LA urban centers Ambient air qualitity standards need to be updated in some LAC countries Enforcement mechanisms should be established Institutional capacity for air quality monitoring needs to be strengthen Non harmonized measurement methodologies Deficient quality assurance Poor state of data reporting and dissemination Source: della Magiora, Lopez-Silva

Slide20: 

PM10 Exceedances to the PM10 annual standard in Latin American Cities

Santiago: 

Santiago The most dangerous air pollution was reduced to a half in the last decade. In the same term, regional economic growth was duplicated. CONAMA, Chile Report 2003.

Slide22: 

Ozone trend in Mexico City, 1990 – 2005

Slide23: 

PM10 Sao Paulo PM10 Cubatao Sao Paulo

Los Angeles: 

Los Angeles

Slide25: 

Environmental Performance of the Vehicle Fleet in Mexico City Remote Monitoring of Vehicle Emissions Average emissions of the vehicle fleet in Mexico City

What’s next for Clean Air in Latin America: Cleaner Transport as a priority focus: 

What’s next for Clean Air in Latin America: Cleaner Transport as a priority focus

INTEGRATED CLEAN AIR APPROACH: 

INTEGRATED CLEAN AIR APPROACH LOCAL Low sulfur gasoline and diesel Increasingly stringent emission stds. Inspection and Maintenance Emission Controls Retrofit Repower, Replace Vapor Recovery Avoid imports of high polluting vehicles INTEGRATED Public Transport/ Non Motorized Transport Transport Land Use Planning Travel Demand Management Freight Management Clean Fuels/Renewables Energy Efficiency Fuel switching Retirement of older fleets Efficiency standards for new vehicles and fleets

Slide28: 

High Quality Mass Transit Safe Affordable Clean Integrated Efficient Attractive

Slide29: 

Non Motorized transport Cycling infrastructure and promotion Recovery of pedestrian zones Interconnection to mass transit options

Slide30: 

Travel Demand Management Traffic Calm Parking polices Intelligent Traffic Systems Improvement of Traffic Behavior Congestion Charging

Slide31: 

Efficient Freight Management Freight Transference centers Fleet standards Improved freight traffic regulations

Clean Vehicles and Fuels & Fuel Efficiency: 

Clean Vehicles and Fuels & Fuel Efficiency Needed to increasingly and simultaneously improve air quality and reduce greenhouse gases. Regulatory, non regulatory and economic instruments needed to speed up fuel improvement and fuel switch. Regional harmonization of standards Fuels and vehicles as a full system, Move forward full life cycle analysis. Fuel efficiency standards

Clean Vehicles and Fuels: 

Clean Vehicles and Fuels Inspection and Maintenance, retrofit, on board monitoring and diagnosis. Assess cost effectiveness for short term measures and potential for future technologies. Develop cooperation and coordination mechanisms at a local, national and regional level

Slide35: 

Reducción de azufre en combustibles (ppm) en Mexico 1 Aplica para zonas metropolitanas del D. F., Guadalajara y Monterrey. 2 Zona Fronteriza 3 Resto del país. Premium Magna ZM 1 Magna RP 2 Diesel ZM 1 Diesel RP 3 Diesel ZF 2

Slide36: 

There exist knowledge and experience on technologies, policy options and management tools to enable a substantial improvement in transport systems. We need vigorous policies to curb rate of emissions significantly while improving quality of life in Latin American Cities. Strong Political will, informed community support, active stakeholder involvement and fruithful private public partnerships are key elements for success.

Slide37: 

“… the present system of mobility is not sustainable, nor is it likely to become so if present trends continue. Societies need to act to alter their direction. This is true, in particular, if mobility is to be made sustainable in the developing world.” Source:Mobility 2030, World Business Council for Sustainable Development

Slide38: 

Contact information Sergio Sanchez Executive Director Clean Air Institute Clean Air Initiative for Latin American Cities ssanchez@cleanairinstitute.org Ph.No. 1 (202) 785 4222