Chapter 02

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Slide Show Intro:

Slide Show Intro Presentation Plus! World History: The Human Experience Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Developed by FSCreations, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 Send all inquiries to: GLENCOE DIVISION Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Ohio 43240

Welcome to Presentation Plus!:

Welcome to Presentation Plus!

Chapter Focus (1):

Chapter Focus (1) Chapter Focus Cooperation The peoples of the Fertile Crescent work together to build irrigation systems and cities. (Section 2)  Cultural Diffusion Cities in early India develop close trading and cultural ties with the Fertile Crescent area. (Section 3)  Innovation Early Chinese civilization excels in metal-casting skills. (Section 4) Chapter Themes Relation to Environment The Egyptians learn to control the floodwaters of the Nile River upon which their agriculture relies. (Section 1) 

Chapter Focus (2):

Chapter Focus (2) Chapter Focus The next slide is an illustration of the tomb of Seti I. Chapter Focus Transparency

Chapter Focus (3):

Chapter Focus Transparency 2 Chapter Focus (3)

Mapping History Transparency (1):

Mapping History Transparency (1) 1 River Valley Civilizations, 3500 B.C. to 1500 B.C. (1 of 3)

Mapping History Transparency (2):

Mapping History Transparency (2) 1A Nile River and Tigris–Euphrates Valleys (2 of 3)

Mapping History Transparency (3):

Mapping History Transparency (3) 1B Indus River and Huang He Valleys (3 of 3)

Mapping History Transparency (4):

Mapping History Transparency (4) 2 Ancient Egypt (1 of 4)

Mapping History Transparency (5):

Mapping History Transparency (5) 2A Old Kingdom (2 of 4)

Mapping History Transparency (6):

Mapping History Transparency (6) 2B Middle Kingdom (3 of 4)

Mapping History Transparency (7):

Mapping History Transparency (7) 2C New Kingdom (4 of 4)

Mapping History Transparency (8):

Mapping History Transparency (8) 3 Ancient India and Ancient China (1 of 3)

Mapping History Transparency (9):

Mapping History Transparency (9) 3A Indus River Valley Civilization, 2500–1700 B.C. (2 of 3)

Mapping History Transparency (10):

Mapping History Transparency (10) 3B Shang Dynasty, 1700–1000 B.C. (3 of 3)

End of Chapter Focus:

End of Chapter Focus Click the mouse button to return to the Contents. End of Chapter Focus

Section 1-1:

Section 1-1 Section 1 People to Meet Narmer, Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaton, Ramses II  Places to Locate Nile River valley, Memphis, Thebes  Setting the Scene Why was Egypt called the “gift of the Nile”? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides. Terms to Define monarchy, dynasty, theocracy, bureaucracy, pharaoh, empire, polytheism, hieroglyphics  1 of 23 The Nile Valley

Section 1-2:

Section 1-2 Section 1 Lecture Notes The Nile River valley’s early inhabitants called the land Kemet, meaning “black land,” after the dark soil.  Later, the ancient Greeks would name the Nile area Egypt. Introduction 2 of 23 One of the world’s first civilizations developed along the Nile River valley in northeastern Africa.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 1-3:

Section 1-3 Section 1 Lecture Notes At 4,160 miles in length, the Nile River is the world’s longest river.  The Nile splits into many branches, forming a marshy, fan-shaped delta before emptying into the Mediterranean Sea. A River Valley and Its People 3 of 23 Egypt receives very little rain, so the Nile is the lifeline for the region.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 1-4:

Section 1-4 Nomadic hunter-gatherers of northeastern Africa began to settle near the Nile as early as 5000 B.C.  The early Egyptians harvested papyrus that grew wild along the banks of the Nile. The long, thin reeds of papyrus were used to make rope, matting, sandals, baskets, and later on, sheets of paperlike writing material. The Gifts of the River Section 1 Lecture Notes 4 of 23 Annual flooding of the Nile deposited thick layers of silt to nearby land, which made this area extremely productive agriculturally.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 1-5:

Section 1-5 Section 1 Lecture Notes By 4000 B.C., ancient Egypt consisted of two kingdoms, Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt.  Around 3000 B.C. Narmer, a king of Upper Egypt, gathered forces and led them north to conquer Lower Egypt.  He built a capital city at Memphis, near the former border of the two kingdoms. Uniting Egypt 5 of 23 In time, farming villages by the Nile became organized into small kingdoms, or monarchies, under the unrestricted rule of a king.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 1-6:

Section 1-6 Section 1 Lecture Notes Uniting Egypt (cont.) 6 of 23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Narmer’s reign became the first Egyptian dynasty, or line of rulers from one family.  From 3000 B.C. until 332 B.C., a series of 30 dynasties ruled Egypt. These are organized into three periods:  The Old Kingdom 2700 B.C.–2200 B.C.  The Middle Kingdom 2050 B.C.–1800 B.C.  The New Kingdom 1600 B.C.–332 B.C.

Section 1-Map Supplement:

Section 1-Map Supplement Map Supplement

Section 1-7:

Section 1-7 Section 1 Lecture Notes During the first centuries of the unified kingdom, Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt kept their separate identities as kingdoms.  The Old Kingdom 7 of 23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In time, Egypt built a strong national government under its kings and developed the basic features of its civilization.

Section 1-8:

Section 1-8 Section 1 Lecture Notes The god-king delegated many responsibilities to a bureaucracy, a group of government officials headed by the king’s vizier, or prime minister. The Egyptian Monarchy 8 of 23 Controlled from Memphis, Egypt had a theocracy, or a government in which the same person is both the religious and political leader.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 1-9:

Section 1-9 Section 1 Lecture Notes 9 of 23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Believing that a king’s soul continued to guide the kingdom after death, the Egyptians included personal possesions next to the embalmed, mummified body in the king’s burial chamber. The Pyramids: A Lasting Legacy To honor their god-kings and to provide them with an eternal place of rest, the Egyptians of the Old Kingdom built lasting monuments–the Pyramids. 

Section 1-10:

Section 1-10 Section 1 Lecture Notes 10 of 23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Middle Kingdom Kings in Memphis began to lose their power around 2200 B.C. as ambitious nobles fought each other for control of Egypt.  Around 2050 B.C. a new dynasty reunited Egypt and moved the capital south to Thebes.  During this Middle Kingdom period, Egypt enjoyed greatly increased trade, worked on irrigation projects, and seized new territory.

Section 1-11:

Section 1-11 Section 1 Lecture Notes 11 of 23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Middle Kingdom (cont.) In the 1700s B.C. local leaders began to challenge the Theban kings’ power.  At the same time, Egypt was facing an invasion by the Hyksos, a people from western Asia.  With bronze weapons and horse-drawn chariots, the Hyksos defeated the Egyptians and established a new dynasty that would last for about 110 years.

Section 1-12:

Section 1-12 Section 1 Lecture Notes The New Kingdom 12 of 23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Egyptians despised their Hyksos masters.  Around 1600 B.C. Ahmose, an Egyptian prince, raised an army and drove the Hyksos out.

Section 1-13:

Section 1-13 Section 1 Lecture Notes Pharaohs Rule and Empire 13 of 23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Ahmose founded a new dynasty, the first of the New Kingdom, and assumed the title pharaoh, an Egyptian word meaning “great house of the king.”  Queen Hatshepsut came to power around 1480 B.C., followed by her stepson Thutmose III. By the end of his reign, he had created an Egyptian empire.

Section 1-14:

Section 1-14 Section 1 Lecture Notes 14 of 23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Akhenaton Founds a Religion Amenhotep IV assumed leadership about 1370 B.C. and declared that Egyptians should only worship Aton, the sun god. This caused turmoil among the people, who believed in many deities.  Claiming to be Aton’s equal, Amenhotep changed his name to Akhenaton.  Akhenaton moved the capital from Thebes to a new city in central Egypt.

Section 1-15:

Section 1-15 Section 1 Lecture Notes 15 of 23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Akhenaton Founds a Religion (cont.) After Akhenaton’s death, the priests restored the old religion.  They made Akhenaton’s successor, Tutankhamen, move the capital back to Thebes.

Section 1-16:

Section 1-16 Section 1 Lecture Notes 16 of 23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Recovery and Decline During the 1200s B.C. pharaohs, including Ramses II, or Ramses the Great, successfully worked to restore Egyptian prestige.  After the death of Ramses II in 1237 B.C., Egypt weakened due to increasing invasions, and in 945 B.C. it fell under foreign rule.

Section 1-17:

Section 1-17 Section 1 Lecture Notes 17 of 23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Life in Ancient Egypt At its height Egypt had 5 million people.  Egyptian society was divided into classes, although ambitious lower-class people could improve their status somewhat.

Section 1-18:

Section 1-18 Section 1 Lecture Notes 18 of 23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Levels of Egyptian Society Class Professions  upper class royalty, nobles, and priests  middle class artisans, scribes, merchants, and tax collectors  lower class farmers and servants

Section 1-19:

Section 1-19 Section 1 Lecture Notes 19 of 23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Upper-class families were nuclear, whereas lower-class families also included gradparents and other relatives.  The status of Egyptian women improved over time. Eventually women could own property, testify in court, and start legal proceedings. Egyptian Families

Section 1-20:

Section 1-20 Section 1 Lecture Notes 20 of 23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Religion was based on polytheism, or the worship of many deities, and guided every aspect of life.  Religion also stressed an afterlife, so Egyptians devoted much time and wealth to preparing for survival in the next world. Worshiping Many Deities

Section 1-21:

Section 1-21 Section 1 Lecture Notes 21 of 23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In their earliest writing system, called hieroglyphics, the Egyptians carved picture symbols onto pieces of slate.  For everyday business, the Egyptians used a cursive script known as hieratic, which simplified and connected the picture symbols. Writing With Pictures

Section 1-22:

Section 1-22 Section 1 Lecture Notes 22 of 23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Pyramids, temples, and other monuments bear witness to architectural achievements of Egyptian artisans.  These feats would not have been possible without advances in disciplines such as mathematics. Achievements in Science

Section 1-23:

Section 1-23 Section 1 Lecture Notes 23 of 23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Egyptians developed a number system that enabled them to calculate area and volume, and they worked out an accurate 365-day calendar.  Other ancient civilizations would acquire much of the Egyptians’ knowledge, especially in medicine. Achievements in Science (cont.)

Section 1-Assessment:

Section 1-Assessment Section 1 Assessment Compare the reigns of Ahmose, Hatshepsut, and Thutmose III. Which reign do you think contributed most to Egypt? Why? All three made significant contributions: Ahmose drove the Hyksos out of Egypt. Hatshepsut was a female pharaoh who carried out extensive building projects. Thutmose III developed an empire.

End of Section 1:

End of Section 1 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide. End of Section 1

Section 2-1:

Section 2-1 Section 2 Terms to Define city-state, cuneiform  Setting the Scene How did Sumer’s achievements enrich the early culture of the Middle East? People to Meet the Sumerians, Sargon I, the Akkadians, Hammurabi  Places to Locate Fertile Crescent, Mesopotamia, Tigris and Euphrates Rivers  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides. 1 of 22 The Fertile Crescent

Section 2-2:

Section 2-2 Section 2 Lecture Notes Many of these migrants settled in Mesopotamia, the eastern part of the Fertile Crescent.  Mesopotamia, meaning “land between the rivers,” was located on the low plain between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in present-day Iraq. Introduction 2 of 22 Around 5000 B.C. migrants from the Arabian Peninsula and the highlands near present-day Turkey began moving into an area called the Fertile Crescent, a fertile strip of land stretching from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 2-Map Supplement:

Section 2-Map Supplement Map Supplement

Section 2-3:

Section 2-3 Section 2 Lecture Notes To control flooding and provide irrigation, Mesopotamian villages were forced to work together.  By 4000 B.C., Mesopotamian farmers were producing food, especially grain crops, in abundance. The Twin Rivers 3 of 22 The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers did not provide a regular supply of water; flooding and drought were unpredictable.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 2-4:

Section 2-4 Section 2 Lecture Notes Sumer became the birthplace of what historians have considered the world’s first cities. The Sumerian Civilization 4 of 22 Around 3500 B.C. a people from either central Asia or Asia Minor–the Sumerians–settled in the lower part of the Tigris-Euphrates river valley, known as Sumer.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 2-5:

Section 2-5 Section 2 Lecture Notes A typical city-state consisted of the city and the land around it.  The population of each city-state ranged from 20,000 to 250,000. The Sumerian City-States 5 of 22 By 3000 B.C., the Sumerians had formed 12 city-states in the Tigris-Euphrates valley, including Ur, Uruk, and Eridu.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 2-6:

Section 2-6 Section 2 Lecture Notes City-states also shared some physical features, such as a ziggurat, or temple, that rose above each city in a pyramid fashion. 6 of 22 The people of Sumer shared a common culture, language, and religion.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Sumerian City-States (cont.)

Section 2-7:

Section 2-7 Section 2 Lecture Notes When facing threats such as invaders or scarce resources, the people typically chose a military leader from among themselves.  By 2700 B.C., several city-states had kings and soon the kingships would be hereditary. Sumerian Government 7 of 22 Each city-state, under normal circumstances, governed itself.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 2-8:

Section 2-8 Section 2 Lecture Notes Therefore, most governments in Sumer were not only monarchies but theocracies as well. Sumerian Government (cont.) 8 of 22 A Sumerian king was not only the military commander but also the high priest.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 2-9:

Section 2-9 Section 2 Lecture Notes Men exercised great authority over their wives and children, including the right to sell them into slavery in order to pay a debt.  Women were permitted to own property, run businesses, and own and sell slaves. The Roles of Men and Women 9 of 22 Family life was extensively controlled under Sumerian law.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 2-10:

Section 2-10 Section 2 Lecture Notes Scribes, professionals who actually recorded cuneiform, studied for many years and often rose to high positions in society.  Business records, lists of important dates, and literary works such as Gilgamesh–perhaps the oldest story in the world–have survived in cuneiform. Writing on Clay Tablets 10 of 22 Cuneiform, the Sumerian system of writing, consisted of hundreds of wedge-shaped markings that were pressed into wet clay tablets.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 2-11:

Section 2-11 Section 2 Lecture Notes An, the highest Sumerian deity, had responsibility for the seasons.  Each city-state adopted a main deity whom its citizens worshiped.  To appease their temperamental gods and goddesses, Sumerian priests and priestesses performed religious ceremonies and rituals. Sumer’s Many Deities 11 of 22 Like the Egyptians, Sumerians practiced a polytheistic religion, with each deity presiding over a specific natural force.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 2-12:

Section 2-12 Section 2 Lecture Notes the wagon wheel to better transport goods and people.  the arch to make buildings stronger.  the potter’s wheel to shape containers.  a number system based on 60.  a 12-month calendar based on the cycles of the moon.  bronze, which is made from copper and tin.  a metal plow. Sumerian Inventions 12 of 22 Sumerians developed. . .  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 2-13:

Section 2-13 Section 2 Lecture Notes These invaders were inspired by dreams of empire. First Mesopotamian Empires 13 of 22 After a long period of conquest, the Sumerian city-states eventually fell to foreign invaders in the 2000s B.C.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 2-14:

Section 2-14 Section 2 Lecture Notes His people, the Akkadians, were nomadic Semites who had migrated from the Arabian Peninsula to the Fertile Crescent around 5000 B.C. and established a kingdom called Akkad in northern Mesopotamia.  Sargon I assumed power in Akkad around 2300 B.C. and immediately launched a huge military campaign of expansion. Sargon Leads the Akkadians 14 of 22 The first empire builder in Mesopotamia was Sargon I.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 2-15:

Section 2-15 Section 2 Lecture Notes Under Sargon’s rule, the people of Mesopotamia began to use the Akkadian language instead of Sumerian. However, the Akkadians adopted various Sumerian religious and farming practices. Sargon Leads the Akkadians (cont.) 15 of 22 Sargon’s conquests united all of the city-states of Mesopotamia into one empire.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 2-16:

Section 2-16 Section 2 Lecture Notes Ebla controlled and demanded a tribute from a number of neighboring towns.  Kings of Ebla were elected for seven-year terms, and a council could remove them if they failed in their jobs.  The Amorites, a Semitic people from western Syria, destroyed Ebla sometime around 2000 B.C. The Kingdom of Ebla 16 of 22 Ebla, on the trade route between Egypt and Mesopotamia, was a very wealthy and powerful city-state.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 2-17:

Section 2-17 Section 2 Lecture Notes Hammurabi, a ruler who would dominate Mesopotamia, rose out of the dynasty in Babylon. Hammurabi’s Babylonian Empire 17 of 22 The Amorites expanded into Mesopotamia and set up dynasties in many of the Sumer city-states.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 2-18:

Section 2-18 Section 2 Lecture Notes Under his rule, traders from as far away as India and China paid gold and silver for Babylonian grain and cloth. Hammurabi’s Babylonian Empire (cont.) 18 of 22 Hammurabi organized a strong government and eventually brought the entire region under his control.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 2-19:

Section 2-19 Section 2 Lecture Notes He created Hammurabi’s code–a code of law that consisted of 282 sections dealing with most aspects of daily life. Hammurabi’s Law Code 19 of 22 Historians consider Hammurabi’s greatest achievement his effort “to make justice appear in the land.”  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 2-20:

Section 2-20 Section 2 Lecture Notes 20 of 22 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Instead of fining violators, the code exacted “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.”  Government assumed the responsibility of protecting its citizens in exchange for loyalty and service. Hammurabi’s Law Code (cont.) These laws clearly stated violations and punishments. 

Section 2-21:

Section 2-21 Section 2 Lecture Notes top kings, priests, and nobles  middle artisans, merchants, scribes, and farmers  bottom slaves  Babylonian Society 21 of 22 Babylonian society was broken into three classes.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Laws were applied differently according to the class of the person offended against.

Section 2-22:

Section 2-22 Section 2 Lecture Notes Decline and Fall 22 of 22 After Hammurabi’s death, the Babylonian Empire declined. It was eventually taken over by the Hittites, a people from Asia Minor, around 1600 B.C. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 2-Assessment:

Section 2-Assessment Section 2 Assessment Contrast Hammurabi’s code with earlier Sumerian law. Which do you think served justice better? Explain. Hammurabi’s code was more severe. Sumerian law fined wrongdoers; Hammurabi’s code extracted “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.”

End of Section 2:

End of Section 2 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide. End of Section 2

Section 3-1:

Section 3-1 Section 3 Terms to Define subcontinent, monsoon  Setting the Scene How did people of the Indus River valley civilization build cities? People to Meet the Harappans  Places to Locate Indus River valley, Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides. 1 of 11 Early South Asia

Section 3-2:

Section 3-2 Section 3 Lecture Notes Introduction 2 of 11 It reached its height between 2500 B.C. and 1500 B.C. A third civilization, larger than both Egypt and Sumer, arose in the Indus River valley in South Asia.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 3-3:

Section 3-3 Section 3 Lecture Notes The Subcontinent 3 of 11 These nations lie on the subcontinent of South Asia, a large, triangular-shaped landmass that juts into the Indian Ocean. Three modern nations–India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh–trace their roots to the Indus Valley civilization.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 3-4:

Section 3-4 Section 3 Lecture Notes Bounded by Mountains 4 of 11 Throughout history, invaders entering the subcontinent by land have had to cross the few high mountain passes of the Hindu Kush to get to the fertile plains at their southern base.  Three major rivers flow across the wide plains of South Asia–the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra Rivers. The Himalayas and the Hindu Kush mountain ranges separate the South Asian subcontinent from the heart of Asia.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 3-5:

Section 3-5 Section 3 Lecture Notes Two seasonal winds called monsoons affect the region. The northeast, or winter, monsoon blows from November to March; and the southwest, or summer, monsoon from June to September. Seasonal Winds 5 of 11 Cold air masses from the north are blocked by the mountains, leaving the weather mild in South Asia.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 3-Map Supplement:

Section 3-Map Supplement Map Supplement

Section 3-6:

Section 3-6 Section 3 Lecture Notes They dated this civilization to about 2500 B.C. The Indus Valley Civilization 6 of 11 Less than a century ago, archaelogists identified an ancient civilization in South Asia.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 3-7:

Section 3-7 Section 3 Lecture Notes Harappa, located in present-day Pakistan  Mohenjo-Daro, located near the Arabian Sea  Centrally Planned Cities 7 of 11 The Harappan civilization had at least two major cities along the Indus River:  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The ruins of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro are excellent examples of urban planning.  A citadel was built on a brick platform overlooking each city.

Section 3-8:

Section 3-8 Section 3 Lecture Notes The Harappans used oven-baked bricks to build houses; some were several stories high.  Almost every house had a bathroom with drains and chutes connected to a sewer system under the streets. Centrally Planned Cities (cont.) 8 of 11 Streets were skillfully laid out in a grid pattern of straight streets crossing each other at right angles.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 3-9:

Section 3-9 Section 3 Lecture Notes Trade was established with Mesopotamia as early as 2300 B.C. Harappan Life 9 of 11 Most Harappans were farmers who, by creating a food surplus, allowed city dwellers to engage in industry and commerce.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 3-10:

Section 3-10 Section 3 Lecture Notes Animal and humanlike figures suggest that the Harappans worshiped gods associated with natural forces.  By 1500 B.C., the Harappan civilization had vanished, possibly from floods or invaders. Language and Religion 10 of 11 There is a lack of surviving written records from the Harappan civilization, leaving artifacts as the only true clues.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 3-11:

Section 3-11 Section 3 Lecture Notes Historians theorize that possibly floods or invaders caused this collapse. Collapse of a Civilization 11 of 11 By 1500 B.C., the Harappan civilization had vanished.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 3-Assessment:

Section 3-Assessment Section 3 Assessment What do archaeological clues suggest about the decline and collapse of the Indus Valley civilization? Historians theorize that destructive natural disasters such as a flood caused the collapse. At Mohenjo-Daro there are signs of a violent end.

End of Section 3:

End of Section 3 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide. End of Section 3

Section 4-1:

Section 4-1 Section 4 Terms to Define mandate  Setting the Scene What were the major contributions of early Chinese civilization? People to Meet Yu the Great  Places to Locate Huang He valley, Anyang  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides. 1 of 11 Early China

Section 4-2:

Section 4-2 Section 4 Lecture Notes Introduction 2 of 11 The lack of outside contacts allowed the Chinese to develop one culture across many regions and a strong sense of national unity as well.  China has the oldest continuous civilization in the world. For many centuries the Chinese lived in relative isolation and saw themselves as the center of the world.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 4-3:

Section 4-3 Section 4 Lecture Notes China’s Geography 3 of 11 Mountains, which make up about one-third of China’s area, hindered cultural diffusion both into and out of China.  On the east, China’s coastline touches the Pacific Ocean. China’s varied geography has affected its historical development.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 4-4:

Section 4-4 Section 4 Lecture Notes Huang He (Yellow River)  Chang Jiang (Yangtze)  Xi Jiang (West River)  China’s Geography (cont.) 4 of 11 Eastern China contains a number of fertile river valleys and plains with three major rivers:  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. A favorable climate, plenty of rainfall, and fertile soil made the North China Plain a very successful farming area.

Section 4-5:

Section 4-5 Section 4 Lecture Notes Neolithic finds dated to earlier than 5000 B.C. make it clear that the Huang He Valley invited settlement from very early times. The Shang Dynasty 5 of 11 Very little is known about the origins of Chinese civilization.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 4-6:

Section 4-6 Section 4 Lecture Notes Pan Gu, according to myth, hatched the universe from an egg.  Also according to myth, Yu the Great, a miraculous engineer, founded China’s first dynasty–the Xia–around 2000 B.C.  The first dynasty to be dated from written records in China is the Shang, which ruled from about 1700 B.C. to 1000 B.C. Chinese Myths 6 of 11 The Chinese developed many myths to explain the past.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 4-7:

Section 4-7 Section 4 Lecture Notes They communicated with ancestors or predicted the future by having priests interpret oracle bones. Early Religion 7 of 11 Shang kings were also high priests and, as in many other early civilizations, were responsible for both government and religious affairs.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 4-8:

Section 4-8 Section 4 Lecture Notes These characters represented objects, ideas, or sounds and were written in vertical columns.  This script grew into numerous characters that were hard to memorize; therefore, few people in ancient China could read or write. Important Achievements 8 of 11 The Shang priests who wrote on the oracle bones used a script with many characters.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 4-9:

Section 4-9 Section 4 Lecture Notes 9 of 11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Chinese built their first cities under the Shang dynasty, and archaeologists have identified seven capital cities, including Anyang. Important Achievements (cont.) The Chinese had mastered bronze, pottery, and silk weaving. 

Section 4-10:

Section 4-10 Section 4 Lecture Notes 10 of 11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Shang dynasty lacked strong leaders and, in time, became weak.  Around 1000 B.C., Wu, the ruler of a former Shang territory in the northwest, killed the Shang king and established a new dynasty, known as the Zhou, which lasted for 800 years. Expansion and Decline Shang kings, with superior weapons, eventually took over much of the Huang He valley. 

Section 4-11:

Section 4-11 Section 4 Lecture Notes If their rulers were just and effective, they received a mandate, or authority to rule, from heaven.  If rulers did not govern properly, they lost the mandate to someone else.  The Mandate of Heaven first appeared during the Zhou dynasty. Many Centuries of Dynasties 11 of 11 The Chinese believed that their rulers governed through a principle known as the Mandate of Heaven.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 4-Assessment:

Section 4-Assessment Section 4 Assessment Explain the basic features of the Chinese writing system as it developed in early times. How widespread was the use of this method of writing in China under the early dynasties? The Chinese writing system consisted of many characters representing objects, ideas, or sounds. It was very complex and was written in vertical columns. Because of the complexity, very few people in ancient China could read or write.

End of Section 4:

End of Section 4 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide. End of Section 4

Chapter Assessment 1 :

Chapter Assessment 1 Chapter Assessment What clues do artifacts found in the ruins at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro provide about the Harappan religion? Artifacts suggest that Harappan deities were associated with natural forces. 1 of 9

Chapter Assessment 2:

Chapter Assessment 2 Chapter Assessment Egyptian kings were regarded as gods, while Shang kings were not. Both were political and religious leaders, and both performed ritual acts to benefit their people. How did the powers of the Egyptian kings differ from those of the Shang kings? How were their powers the same? 2 of 9

Chapter Assessment 3:

Chapter Assessment 3 Chapter Assessment What reaction would you have had to Akhenaton’s reforms if you had been a priest of Amon-Ra? You probably would have resented the loss of power. Akhenaton made worshiping Aton the official religion, replacing Amon-Ra. 3 of 9

Chapter Assessment 4:

Chapter Assessment 4 Chapter Assessment What do you think might have happened if the Sumerians had never invented cuneiform? Writing had a great effect on Sumerian culture. The Sumerians were able to keep records, record their history, and send reliable messages over long distances. If they had not invented cuneiform, their culture would not have been as strong as it was. 4 of 9

Chapter Assessment 5:

Chapter Assessment 5 Chapter Assessment What flood-control methods of the ancient Egyptians and other river valley civilizations are still in use today? Dams, canals, and reservoirs originated with the ancient civilizations and are still used today. 5 of 9

Chapter Assessment 6:

Chapter Assessment 6 Chapter Assessment In what areas of city life today is cooperation as important as it was when the Sumerians built the earliest cities? There are a number of ways that cooperation is still a large part of city life, including building and maintaining public buildings and areas; and fighting societal problems such as crime, poverty, and drugs. 6 of 9

Chapter Assessment 7:

Chapter Assessment 7 Chapter Assessment What advances in the twentieth century have made cultural diffusion easier and faster than in ancient times? Anything that allows humans to move or communicate faster aids in cultural diffusion. Telecommunications equipment, such as computers, and jet travel both aid cultural diffusion. 7 of 9

Chapter Assessment 7:

Chapter Assessment 7 Chapter Assessment Why would you consider each of the following developments in ancient China an innovation: a writing script with many characters, bronze vessels and tools, and pottery? A writing script: some characters represented sounds, unlike cuneiform. Bronze use: Chinese metal-casting skills were superior to those of other civilizations. Pottery: artisans used a fine white clay called kaolin. 8 of 9

Chapter Bonus :

Chapter Bonus Chapter Assessment 9 of 9 What factors can lead to the decline or fall of a civilization or dynasty? Weak rulers, foreign invasion, natural disasters, and climate changes that affect agricultural production can all lead to the demise of a ruling family or civilization.

End of Chapter Assessment:

End of Chapter Assessment Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide. End of Chapter Assessment

Historical Significance (1):

Historical Significance (1) In what ways were each of the early civilizations unique? How were they different? Each civilization had unique features: Egypt, pyramids; Sumer, irrigation; Indus River valley, urban planning; China, metal casting. They differed depending on climate, topography, and traditions. Historical Significance 1 of 2

Historical Significance (2):

Historical Significance (2) How did the river valley civilizations lay the foundations for the global civilization that we know today? All of the early civilizations contributed to the growth of cities, government, literacy, and technology–keys to the rise of a global civilization. Historical Significance 2 of 2

MindJogger:

MindJogger Chapter 2 Disc 1 Side A Click the Videodisc button to play the MindJogger video if you have a videodisc player attached to your computer. If you experience difficulties, check the Troubleshooting section in the Help system. Use the MindJogger videoquiz as a preview, review, or both.

ABCNews - Introduction:

ABCNews - Introduction Click the Videodisc button anytime throughout this section to play the complete video if you have a videodisc player attached to your computer. Click the Forward button to view the discussion questions and other related slides. Side 1 Chapter 4 The Code of Hammurabi Turning Points in World History Click inside this box to play the preview.

ABCNews - Objectives:

ABCNews - Objectives Explain the functions of laws in a society.  Recognize the issues dealt with by the Hammurabi code and law codes that have followed. Objectives Identify the importance of a system of laws to any society.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the next objective. Turning Points in World History Side 1 Chapter 4 The Code of Hammurabi

ABCNews - Discussion (1):

ABCNews - Discussion (1) Discussion What are some of the functions of laws in a society? Laws establish the individual’s rights and duties, as well as penalties for those who fail to uphold the law. Turning Points in World History Side 1 Chapter 4 The Code of Hammurabi

ABCNews - Discussion (2):

ABCNews - Discussion (2) Discussion What are some of the civil issues Hammurabi’s code dealt with? What are some of the criminal issues the code dealt with? Civil issues included taxes, trade, and marriage. Criminal issues included theft and murder. Turning Points in World History Side 1 Chapter 4 The Code of Hammurabi

ABCNews - Discussion (3):

ABCNews - Discussion (3) The scales symbolize a system in which matters such as evidence and testimony are carefully weighed in reaching a just decision. The blindfold signifies that justice is “blind” to such matters as social status and ethnic background. Discussion Justice and law are often symbolized by a blindfolded woman holding scales. What do the scales and blindfold symbolize? Turning Points in World History Side 1 Chapter 4 The Code of Hammurabi

ABCNews - Events (1):

ABCNews - Events (1) Events of the Period c. 2000 B.C. Epic of Gilgamesh is written.  c. 2000 B.C. Ice cream is invented in China.  c. 2000 B.C. The Hittites come to power in Asia Minor.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the next event. Turning Points in World History The Code of Hammurabi c. 1900 B.C. The first metal money is used.

ABCNews - Events (2):

ABCNews - Events (2) Events of the Period Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the next event. Turning Points in World History c. 1800 B.C. The Story of Sinuhe appears in manuscript in Egypt.  c. 1800 B.C. The main ring of Stonehenge is erected in England. The Code of Hammurabi

ABCNews - Related Frames Contents:

ABCNews - Related Frames Contents Click on a hyperlink to go to the related fact file or map. Fact Files Who Was Hammurabi? (Frames 14489) End of Babylonian Empire (Frame 14491) What is the Code of Hammurabi? (Frame 14492) Elements of the Code of Hammurabi (Frame 14494) Maps Babylonia ca. 1800 B.C. (Frame 14488) Turning Points in World History The Code of Hammurabi

ABCNews - Related Frame (1):

Who was Hammurabi? Hammurabi was a descendant of the Amorites. Hammurabi was king of the Babylonian Empire from 1792 B.C. until 1750 B.C. He revised the laws of the Mesopotamian region into one code to govern the land. He instilled strict laws, created a new tax system, and promoted trade. FACT FILE: ABCNews - Related Frame (1) Turning Points in World History

ABCNews - Related Frame (2):

ABCNews - Related Frame (2) Turning Points in World History End of Babylonian Empire Hammurabi’s empire ended when the Hittites invaded Babylon in the 1600s B.C. FACT FILE:

ABCNews - Related Frame (3):

ABCNews - Related Frame (3) Turning Points in World History What is the Code of Hammurabi? The Code of Hammurabi is a compilation of laws that addressed all aspects of life. Within the code, violations of these laws were stated and severe punishments were assigned. FACT FILE:

ABCNews - Related Frame (4):

ABCNews - Related Frame (4) Turning Points in World History Elements of the Code of Hammurabi The Code of Hammurabi dealt with most aspects of daily life, including the protection of women from mistreatment, property, loans, adoption, and inheritance. FACT FILE:

ABCNews - Related Frame (5):

MAP: ABCNews - Related Frame (5)

End of ABCNews InterActive:

End of ABCNews InterActive Click the mouse button to return to the presentation. End of ABCNews InterActive™ Turning Points in World History

History Online:

History Online Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Presentation Plus! Web site. At this site, you will find a complete list of Web sites correlated with the chapters in the Glencoe World History: The Human Experience textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://www.worldhistory.glencoe.com

End of Custom Shows (Do not remove.):

End of Custom Shows (Do not remove.)

Section Focus 2-1:

Section Focus 2-1 Section Focus Transparency 2-1 (1 of 2)

Section Focus 2-1 (Answers):

Section Focus 2-1 (Answers) Section Focus Transparency 2-1 (2 of 2) 1. Khufu 2. Washington Monument 3. 346’ (105m)

Section Focus 2-2:

Section Focus 2-2 Section Focus Transparency 2-2 (1 of 2)

Section Focus 2-2 (Answers):

Section Focus 2-2 (Answers) Section Focus Transparency 2-2 (2 of 2) 1. bricks 2. There was no wood in the area; steel had not yet been invented. 3. at the top of the structure 4. to get it as close as possible to the sky, where the people believed the gods lived

Section Focus 2-3:

Section Focus 2-3 Section Focus Transparency 2-3 (1 of 2)

Section Focus 2-3 (Answers):

Section Focus 2-3 (Answers) Section Focus Transparency 2-3 (2 of 2) 1. July 2. June through August or September 3. about 20” (51 cm)

Section Focus 2-4:

Section Focus 2-4 Section Focus Transparency 2-4 (1 of 2)

Section Focus 2-4 (Answers):

Section Focus 2-4 (Answers) Section Focus Transparency 2-4 (2 of 2) 1. Wu 2. c. 1700 B.C. 3. Xia

Chapter Time Line:

Chapter Time Line c. 3100 B.C. The Sumerians invent cuneiform.  c. 2500 B.C. Harappan civilization begins.  c. 1700 B.C. Shang dynasty begins. Chapter Time Line c. 5000 B.C. Hunter-gatherers migrate to the Nile River valley.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 1 Time Line:

Section 1 Time Line c. 1700s B.C. The Hyksos invade Egypt.  c. 1480 B.C. Queen Hatshepsut comes to power.  c. 945 B.C. Egypt enters long period of foreign rule. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. c. 3000 B.C. King Narmer unifies Egypt.  Section 1 Time Line

Section 2 Time Line:

c. 3000 B.C. Sumerians set up city-states.  Section 2 Time Line Section 2 Time Line Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. c. 2300 B.C. Akkadian king Sargon I begins conquests.  c. 1700 B.C. Hammurabi develops code of laws.

Section 3 Time Line:

Section 3 Time Line Section 3 Time Line Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. c. 2300 B.C. Harappan people trade with Mesopotamia.  c. 1500 B.C. Indus Valley civilization declines. c. 2500 B.C. Settlements develop in the Indus River valley. 

Section 4 Time Line:

Section 4 Time Line Section 4 Time Line Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. c. 2000 B.C. Yu founds the legendary Xia dynasty.  c. 1700 B.C. Tang establishes the Shang, the first historical dynasty.  c. 1000s B.C. The Zhou dynasty comes to power. c. 2500 B.C. Lung-shan culture begins in China. 

End of Slide Show:

End of Slide Show Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide. End of the Slide Show