logging in or signing up cancer 1 Irvette Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1991 Category: Entertainment License: All Rights Reserved Like it (3) Dislike it (0) Added: October 16, 2007 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 4 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: arsh07 (15 month(s) ago) plz snd me a copy of this presentation Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: Jorgeferreira (39 month(s) ago) hi Irvette. I'm a medical student. Your ppt is superb. Please can i have a copy ? Thank you so much. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... 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See all Premium member Presentation Transcript The Genetics of Cancer: The Genetics of CancerCancer in the media: Newspapers, magazines, radio, and television are reporting discoveries and breakthroughs attributing one form of cancer or another to a specific gene. Cancer of the breast, colon, prostate, and many other sites in the body are being connected to specific genes... But the meaning of this isn't always clear. What does it mean for you if your mother has or had breast cancer... or an aunt and two cousins have colon cancer? What does it mean for your children if you've been diagnosed with cancer of the endocrine glands or some other organ? Cancer in the mediacancer is a disease of the cell cycle: cancer is a disease of the cell cycleTypes of genes which may mutate to cause cancer:: Types of genes which may mutate to cause cancer: Tumour suppressor genes oncogenes DNA repair genes telomerase p53The environment:: The environment: Some environmental agents associated with cancer are: Viruses Tobacco smoke Food Radiation Chemicals Pollution Viruses: Viruses Viruses—mostly in the form of DNA viruses—have been causally linked to cancer. human papillomaviruses—primarily types 16 and 18, which are sexually transmitted—have been linked to cervical cancer; more than 25 other types of papillomaviruses have been linked to cancer as well hepatitis B and C—linked to cancer of the liver human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)—linked to Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphoma retroviruses—linked to cancers in animals other than humansTobacco smoke: Tobacco smoke is associated with 50% to 60% of all cancer deaths is causally linked to cancers of the lung, upper respiratory tract, oesophagus, bladder, pancreas is probably a cause of cancer of the stomach, liver, kidneys, colon, and rectumFood: Food is connected to 50% to 60% of cancer deaths is causally linked to cancers of the lung, upper respiratory tract, oesophagus, bladder, pancreas is probably a cause of cancers of the stomach, liver, kidneys, colon, and rectumRadiation: Radiation UVB from the sun can damage DNA and is associated with more than 90% of skin cancers, including melanomas radon has been associated with lung cancer among those who work in mines; general levels of radon have not posed a significant cancer threat electric and magnetic fields from power lines and household appliances have not been demonstrated contributors to the incidence of cancer or leukaemia radio frequency electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones or microwave ovens has not been linked to cancer. nuclear radiation is of sufficient energy to ionise molecules and is therefore carcinogenic.Chemicals: Chemicals benzene (myelogenous leukaemia) arsenic containing pesticides (lung cancer) polychlorinated biphenyls (liver and skin cancers) mineral oils (skin cancer) mineral fibres (lung cancer and mesothelioma) Chemicals, many of which have been historically linked to the workplace, have been successfully limited through public health efforts, because they have been associated with a variety of cancers. Examples of common chemicals that fall in this category are: Pollution: Pollution Pollution has been difficult to document as a contributor to human cancer. However, long-term exposure to high levels of air pollution may increase lung cancer risk by as much as 25%.Cancer terminology: Cancer terminology Classification by tissue type: carcinoma epithelial cell 90% of all tumours derived from ectoderm (mostly) or endoderm (some) sarcoma connective tissue 2% of all tumours derived from mesoderm leukaemia circulatory or lymphatic 8% of all tumours derived from mesoderm Classification by the type of cells: Adenomatous cells ductal or glandular cells Squamous cells flat cells Myeloid blood cell Lymphoid lymphocytes or macrophagesCancer terminology: Cancer terminology Classification by the site of origin of the tumour: Breast: carcinoma of ductal, medullary, papillary, etc. cells Lung: small cell, bronchioloalveolar, squamous, large cell carcinomas Bone: osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma Eye: retinoblastoma Lip, tongue, mouth, nasal cavity: squamous cell carcinoma Lymphocytes: acute lymphocytic leukaemia, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma Ovary: adenocarcinoma, choriocarcinoma, teratoma, Brenner tumour Testis: seminoma, teratocarcinoma,Cancer terminology: Cancer terminology Benign tumours are generally slow growing and enclosed in a fibrous capsule are relatively innocuous, although their location can make them serious (such as a tumour located in the brain) are not considered cancerous (that is, they are not malignant) are given names that usually end in "oma" (although a melanoma is a malignant skin cancer) Malignant tumours proliferate rapidly, invading neighbouring tissues can metastasise, or spread, to other sites of the body are named using the conventions of tissue, cell type, and origin e.g. A tumour of the bone is an osteoma if benign and an osteosarcoma if malignantTumour suppressor genes: Tumour suppressor genes The gene’s normal function is to regulate cell division. Both alleles need to be mutated or removed in order to lose the gene activity. The first mutation may be inherited or somatic. The second mutation will often be a gross event leading to loss of heterozygosity in the surrounding area.Knudsen’s “two hit” hypothesis: Knudsen’s “two hit” hypothesisretinoblastoma: retinoblastomaretinoblastoma: retinoblastoma Retinoblastoma (RB) is a malignant tumor of the developing retina that occurs in children, usually before the age of five years. All forms of retinoblastoma represent a mutation in the gene RB1 located in in the region 13q14.1-q14.2. The gene is about 180 kb in length with 27 exons that code for a transcript of only 4.7 kb. individual mutations are heterogeneous: 20% are deletions larger than 1kb; 30% are small deletions or insertions; 45% are point mutations. mutations have been found in 25 of the 27 coding exons and in promoter elements. Genotype-phenotype correlation: most mutant RB1-alleles show premature termination codons and are associated with almost complete penetrance (>95%) and high expressivity (more than 6 individual retinoblastoma foci per individual and, therefore, most often involvement of both eyes); some rare mutant alleles that code for proteins with retention of parts of the functions of the wild-type protein or that result in diminished amounts of wild-type transcript are associated with incomplete penetrance (<75%) and low expressivity (mean of less than 2 tumor foci)RB1: RB1 Is regulated by phosphorylation by Cdk2 Hypophosphorylated form binds and sequesters E2F (and viral proteins such as E7 from human papilloma virus-16) It also interacts directly with the product of the ABL gene and participates in several regulatory and feed back loops even involving its own transcription.Breast Cancer: Breast Cancer “Why do so many of my relatives have breast cancer...is this just plain bad luck or what?”breast cancer: breast cancer her age, family history, age at which she began menstruating, whether she has given birth and her age at the time of the first birth, and whether or not a breast biopsy was performed in the past. Within the general population, there is an 11% chance that any woman will develop breast cancer over her lifetime. For any one individual, this risk may be increased or decreased by a variety of factors:breast cancer: breast cancerBut its more complicated than that!: But its more complicated than that!oncogenes: oncogenes Cellular oncogene c-onc Viral oncogene v-onc Proto-oncogene, activated by mutation to c-oncProto-oncogene activation: Proto-oncogene activationTypes of proto-oncogene: Types of proto-oncogene Growth factor e.g. SIS oncogene (PDGF)Types of proto-oncogene: Types of proto-oncogene Growth factor receptor e.g. tyrosine kinase receptorsTypes of proto-oncogene: Types of proto-oncogene G proteins e.g. rasTypes of proto-oncogene: Types of proto-oncogene Nuclear transcription factors e.g. MYCp53: p53 suppresses progression through the cell cycle in response to DNA damage initiates apoptosis if the damage to the cell is severe acts as a tumour suppressor is a transcription factor and once activated, it represses transcription of one set of genes (several of which are involved in stimulating cell growth) while stimulating expression of other genes involved in cell cycle controlTransformation is a multistep process: Transformation is a multistep processTransformation is a multistep process: Transformation is a multistep processColorectal Cancer: Colorectal Cancer 11% of cancer-related deaths Tumor progression may take 10-35 years Adenomatous polyp develops into carcinomaChromosome changes in colorectal cancer: Chromosome changes in colorectal cancer Cancer karyotype Stable karyotypereading: reading URLs: http://www.infobiogen.fr/services/chromcancer/Kprones/RbKprID10031.html http://cgap.nci.nih.gov/ http://www.intouchlive.com/home/frames.htm?http://www.intouchlive.com/cancergenetics/&3 http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il/hotmolecbase/entries/p53.htm Books: Concepts of Genetics, Klug and Cummings, chapter 23 Molecular Biology of the Cell You do not have the permission to view this presentation. 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cancer 1 Irvette Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1991 Category: Entertainment License: All Rights Reserved Like it (3) Dislike it (0) Added: October 16, 2007 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 4 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: arsh07 (15 month(s) ago) plz snd me a copy of this presentation Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: Jorgeferreira (39 month(s) ago) hi Irvette. I'm a medical student. Your ppt is superb. Please can i have a copy ? Thank you so much. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: pvdmg (40 month(s) ago) hi Irvette. I'm a medical student studying genetics of cancer now. Your ppt is superb and first class. Please please can i have a copy ? Thank you so much. The faster the better as my exams are just around the corner. Thank you. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: jovanat (42 month(s) ago) Hello, I am cytopathologist from Belgrade, and I find your presentation very usefull. Thank you in advance. Dr Jovana Trimcev Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: kheirou (42 month(s) ago) c'est une bonne présentation ;j'ai une exposition cette semaine vous pouvez m'envoyer une copie de cette présentqtion Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close loading.... See all Premium member Presentation Transcript The Genetics of Cancer: The Genetics of CancerCancer in the media: Newspapers, magazines, radio, and television are reporting discoveries and breakthroughs attributing one form of cancer or another to a specific gene. Cancer of the breast, colon, prostate, and many other sites in the body are being connected to specific genes... But the meaning of this isn't always clear. What does it mean for you if your mother has or had breast cancer... or an aunt and two cousins have colon cancer? What does it mean for your children if you've been diagnosed with cancer of the endocrine glands or some other organ? Cancer in the mediacancer is a disease of the cell cycle: cancer is a disease of the cell cycleTypes of genes which may mutate to cause cancer:: Types of genes which may mutate to cause cancer: Tumour suppressor genes oncogenes DNA repair genes telomerase p53The environment:: The environment: Some environmental agents associated with cancer are: Viruses Tobacco smoke Food Radiation Chemicals Pollution Viruses: Viruses Viruses—mostly in the form of DNA viruses—have been causally linked to cancer. human papillomaviruses—primarily types 16 and 18, which are sexually transmitted—have been linked to cervical cancer; more than 25 other types of papillomaviruses have been linked to cancer as well hepatitis B and C—linked to cancer of the liver human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)—linked to Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphoma retroviruses—linked to cancers in animals other than humansTobacco smoke: Tobacco smoke is associated with 50% to 60% of all cancer deaths is causally linked to cancers of the lung, upper respiratory tract, oesophagus, bladder, pancreas is probably a cause of cancer of the stomach, liver, kidneys, colon, and rectumFood: Food is connected to 50% to 60% of cancer deaths is causally linked to cancers of the lung, upper respiratory tract, oesophagus, bladder, pancreas is probably a cause of cancers of the stomach, liver, kidneys, colon, and rectumRadiation: Radiation UVB from the sun can damage DNA and is associated with more than 90% of skin cancers, including melanomas radon has been associated with lung cancer among those who work in mines; general levels of radon have not posed a significant cancer threat electric and magnetic fields from power lines and household appliances have not been demonstrated contributors to the incidence of cancer or leukaemia radio frequency electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones or microwave ovens has not been linked to cancer. nuclear radiation is of sufficient energy to ionise molecules and is therefore carcinogenic.Chemicals: Chemicals benzene (myelogenous leukaemia) arsenic containing pesticides (lung cancer) polychlorinated biphenyls (liver and skin cancers) mineral oils (skin cancer) mineral fibres (lung cancer and mesothelioma) Chemicals, many of which have been historically linked to the workplace, have been successfully limited through public health efforts, because they have been associated with a variety of cancers. Examples of common chemicals that fall in this category are: Pollution: Pollution Pollution has been difficult to document as a contributor to human cancer. However, long-term exposure to high levels of air pollution may increase lung cancer risk by as much as 25%.Cancer terminology: Cancer terminology Classification by tissue type: carcinoma epithelial cell 90% of all tumours derived from ectoderm (mostly) or endoderm (some) sarcoma connective tissue 2% of all tumours derived from mesoderm leukaemia circulatory or lymphatic 8% of all tumours derived from mesoderm Classification by the type of cells: Adenomatous cells ductal or glandular cells Squamous cells flat cells Myeloid blood cell Lymphoid lymphocytes or macrophagesCancer terminology: Cancer terminology Classification by the site of origin of the tumour: Breast: carcinoma of ductal, medullary, papillary, etc. cells Lung: small cell, bronchioloalveolar, squamous, large cell carcinomas Bone: osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma Eye: retinoblastoma Lip, tongue, mouth, nasal cavity: squamous cell carcinoma Lymphocytes: acute lymphocytic leukaemia, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma Ovary: adenocarcinoma, choriocarcinoma, teratoma, Brenner tumour Testis: seminoma, teratocarcinoma,Cancer terminology: Cancer terminology Benign tumours are generally slow growing and enclosed in a fibrous capsule are relatively innocuous, although their location can make them serious (such as a tumour located in the brain) are not considered cancerous (that is, they are not malignant) are given names that usually end in "oma" (although a melanoma is a malignant skin cancer) Malignant tumours proliferate rapidly, invading neighbouring tissues can metastasise, or spread, to other sites of the body are named using the conventions of tissue, cell type, and origin e.g. A tumour of the bone is an osteoma if benign and an osteosarcoma if malignantTumour suppressor genes: Tumour suppressor genes The gene’s normal function is to regulate cell division. Both alleles need to be mutated or removed in order to lose the gene activity. The first mutation may be inherited or somatic. The second mutation will often be a gross event leading to loss of heterozygosity in the surrounding area.Knudsen’s “two hit” hypothesis: Knudsen’s “two hit” hypothesisretinoblastoma: retinoblastomaretinoblastoma: retinoblastoma Retinoblastoma (RB) is a malignant tumor of the developing retina that occurs in children, usually before the age of five years. All forms of retinoblastoma represent a mutation in the gene RB1 located in in the region 13q14.1-q14.2. The gene is about 180 kb in length with 27 exons that code for a transcript of only 4.7 kb. individual mutations are heterogeneous: 20% are deletions larger than 1kb; 30% are small deletions or insertions; 45% are point mutations. mutations have been found in 25 of the 27 coding exons and in promoter elements. Genotype-phenotype correlation: most mutant RB1-alleles show premature termination codons and are associated with almost complete penetrance (>95%) and high expressivity (more than 6 individual retinoblastoma foci per individual and, therefore, most often involvement of both eyes); some rare mutant alleles that code for proteins with retention of parts of the functions of the wild-type protein or that result in diminished amounts of wild-type transcript are associated with incomplete penetrance (<75%) and low expressivity (mean of less than 2 tumor foci)RB1: RB1 Is regulated by phosphorylation by Cdk2 Hypophosphorylated form binds and sequesters E2F (and viral proteins such as E7 from human papilloma virus-16) It also interacts directly with the product of the ABL gene and participates in several regulatory and feed back loops even involving its own transcription.Breast Cancer: Breast Cancer “Why do so many of my relatives have breast cancer...is this just plain bad luck or what?”breast cancer: breast cancer her age, family history, age at which she began menstruating, whether she has given birth and her age at the time of the first birth, and whether or not a breast biopsy was performed in the past. Within the general population, there is an 11% chance that any woman will develop breast cancer over her lifetime. For any one individual, this risk may be increased or decreased by a variety of factors:breast cancer: breast cancerBut its more complicated than that!: But its more complicated than that!oncogenes: oncogenes Cellular oncogene c-onc Viral oncogene v-onc Proto-oncogene, activated by mutation to c-oncProto-oncogene activation: Proto-oncogene activationTypes of proto-oncogene: Types of proto-oncogene Growth factor e.g. SIS oncogene (PDGF)Types of proto-oncogene: Types of proto-oncogene Growth factor receptor e.g. tyrosine kinase receptorsTypes of proto-oncogene: Types of proto-oncogene G proteins e.g. rasTypes of proto-oncogene: Types of proto-oncogene Nuclear transcription factors e.g. MYCp53: p53 suppresses progression through the cell cycle in response to DNA damage initiates apoptosis if the damage to the cell is severe acts as a tumour suppressor is a transcription factor and once activated, it represses transcription of one set of genes (several of which are involved in stimulating cell growth) while stimulating expression of other genes involved in cell cycle controlTransformation is a multistep process: Transformation is a multistep processTransformation is a multistep process: Transformation is a multistep processColorectal Cancer: Colorectal Cancer 11% of cancer-related deaths Tumor progression may take 10-35 years Adenomatous polyp develops into carcinomaChromosome changes in colorectal cancer: Chromosome changes in colorectal cancer Cancer karyotype Stable karyotypereading: reading URLs: http://www.infobiogen.fr/services/chromcancer/Kprones/RbKprID10031.html http://cgap.nci.nih.gov/ http://www.intouchlive.com/home/frames.htm?http://www.intouchlive.com/cancergenetics/&3 http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il/hotmolecbase/entries/p53.htm Books: Concepts of Genetics, Klug and Cummings, chapter 23 Molecular Biology of the Cell