20030324 Chep2003 HN

Slide1: 

Networks for HENP and ICFA SCIC Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology CHEP2003, San Diego March 24, 2003

Global Networks for HENPCirca 2003 : 

Global Networks for HENP Circa 2003 National and International Networks, with sufficient (and rapidly increasing) capacity and capability, are essential for Data analysis, and the daily conduct of collaborative work in both experiment and theory, Involving physicists from all world regions Detector development & construction on a global scale The formation of worldwide collaborations The conception, design and implementation of next generation facilities as “global networks” “Collaborations on this scale would never have been attempted, if they could not rely on excellent networks” (L. Price)

Next Generation Networks for Experiments: Goals and Needs: 

Next Generation Networks for Experiments: Goals and Needs Providing rapid access to event samples and analyzed physics results drawn from massive data stores From Petabytes by 2002, ~100 Petabytes by 2007, to ~1 Exabyte by ~2012. Providing analyzed results with rapid turnaround, by coordinating and managing large but LIMITED computing, data handling and NETWORK resources effectively Enabling rapid access to the Data and the Collaboration Across an ensemble of networks of varying capability Advanced integrated applications, such as Data Grids, rely on seamless operation of our LANs and WANs With reliable, monitored, quantifiable high performance Large data samples explored and analyzed by thousands of globally dispersed scientists, in hundreds of teams

ICFA and International Networking : 

ICFA and International Networking ICFA Statement on Communications in Int’l HEP Collaborations of October 17, 1996 See http://www.fnal.gov/directorate/icfa/icfa_communicaes.html “ICFA urges that all countries and institutions wishing to participate even more effectively and fully in international HEP Collaborations should: Review their operating methods to ensure they are fully adapted to remote participation Strive to provide the necessary communications facilities and adequate international bandwidth”

ICFA Network Task Force: 1998 Bandwidth Req’ments Projection (Mbps): 

ICFA Network Task Force: 1998 Bandwidth Req’ments Projection (Mbps) 100–1000 X Bandwidth Increase Foreseen for 1998-2005 See the ICFA-NTF Requirements Report: http://l3www.cern.ch/~newman/icfareq98.html NTF

ICFA Standing Committee on Interregional Connectivity (SCIC): 

ICFA Standing Committee on Interregional Connectivity (SCIC) Created by ICFA in July 1998 in Vancouver ; Following ICFA-NTF CHARGE: Make recommendations to ICFA concerning the connectivity between the Americas, Asia and Europe (and network requirements of HENP) As part of the process of developing these recommendations, the committee should Monitor traffic Keep track of technology developments Periodically review forecasts of future bandwidth needs, and Provide early warning of potential problems Create subcommittees when necessary to meet the charge Representatives: Major labs, ECFA, ACFA, NA Users, S. America The chair of the committee should report to ICFA once per year, at its joint meeting with laboratory directors (Feb. 2003)

Bandwidth Growth of Global HENP Networks: 

Bandwidth Growth of Global HENP Networks Rate of Progress >> Moore’s Law. (US-CERN Example) 9.6 kbps Analog (1985) 64-256 kbps Digital (1989 - 1994) [X 7 – 27] 1.5 Mbps Shared (1990-3; IBM) [X 160] 2 -4 Mbps (1996-1998) [X 200-400] 12-20 Mbps (1999-2000) [X 1.2k-2k] 155-310 Mbps (2001-2) [X 16k – 32k] 622 Mbps (2002-3) [X 65k] 2.5 Gbps  (2003-4) [X 250k] 10 Gbps  (2005) [X 1M] A factor of ~1M over a period of 1985-2005 (a factor of ~5k during 1995-2005) HENP has become a leading applications driver, and also a co-developer of global networks

Slide8: 

Develop and build Dynamic Workspaces Construct Autonomous Communities Operating Within Global Collaborations Build Private Grids to support scientific analysis communities e.g. Using Agent Based Peer-to-peer Web Services Drive the democratization of science via the deployment of new technologies Empower small groups of scientists (Teachers and Students) to profit from and contribute to int’l big science 2003 NSF ITRs: Globally Enabled Analysis Communities & Collaboratories

SCIC in 2002-3A Period of Intense Activity: 

SCIC in 2002-3 A Period of Intense Activity Formed WGs in March 2002; 9 Meetings in 12 Months Strong Focus on the Digital Divide Presentations at Meetings and Workshops (e.g. LISHEP, APAN, AMPATH, ICTP and ICFA Seminars) HENP more visible to governments: in the WSIS Process Five Reports; Presented to ICFA Feb. 13,2003 See http://cern.ch/icfa-scic Main Report: “Networking for HENP” [H. Newman et al.] Monitoring WG Report [L. Cottrell] Advanced Technologies WG Report [R. Hughes-Jones, O. Martin et al.] Digital Divide Report [A. Santoro et al.] Digital Divide in Russia Report [V. Ilyin]

SCIC in 2002-3A Period of Intensive Activity: 

SCIC in 2002-3 A Period of Intensive Activity Web Page http://cern.ch/ICFA-SCIC/ Monitoring: Les Cottrell (SLAC) (http://www.slac.stanford.edu/xorg/icfa/scic-netmon) With Richard Hughes-Jones (Manchester), Sergio Novaes (Sao Paolo); Sergei Berezhnev (RUHEP), Fukuko Yuasa (KEK), Daniel Davids (CERN), Sylvain Ravot (Caltech), Shawn McKee (Michigan) Advanced Technologies: R. Hughes-Jones, Olivier Martin (CERN) With Vladimir Korenkov (JINR, Dubna), H. Newman The Digital Divide: Alberto Santoro (Rio, Brazil) With V. Ilyin (MSU), Y. Karita(KEK), D.O. Williams (CERN) Also V. White (FNAL), J. Ibarra and H. Alvarez (AMPATH), D. Son (Korea), H. Hoorani, S. Zaidi (Pakistan), S. Banerjee (India), Key Requirements: Harvey Newman and Charlie Young (SLAC)

HENP Networks: Status and Outlook: SCIC General Conclusions: 

HENP Networks: Status and Outlook: SCIC General Conclusions The scale and capability of networks, their pervasiveness and range of applications in everyday life, and HENP’s dependence on networks for its research, are all increasing rapidly. However, as the pace of network advances continues to accelerate, the gap between the economically “favored” regions and the rest of the world is in danger of widening. We must therefore work to Close the Digital Divide To make Physicists from All World Regions Full Partners in Their Experiments; and in the Process of Discovery This is essential for the health of our global experimental collaborations, our plans for future projects, and our field.

ICFA SCIC: R&E Backbone and International Link Progress: 

ICFA SCIC: R&E Backbone and International Link Progress GEANT Pan-European Backbone (http://www.dante.net/geant) Now interconnects >31 countries; many trunks 2.5 and 10 Gbps UK: SuperJANET Core at 10 Gbps 2.5 Gbps NY-London, with 622 Mbps to ESnet and Abilene France (IN2P3): 2.5 Gbps RENATER3 backbone from October 2002 Lyon-CERN Link Upgraded to 1 Gbps Ethernet Plan for dark fiber to CERN by end 2003 SuperSINET (Japan): 10 Gbps IP and 10 Gbps Wavelength Core Tokyo to NY Links: 2 X 2.5 Gbps started CA*net4 (Canada): Interconnect customer-owned dark fiber nets across Canada at 10 Gbps, started July 2002 “Lambda-Grids” by ~2004-5 GWIN (Germany): 2.5 Gbps Core; Connect to US at 2 X 2.5 Gbps; Support for Virtual SILK Hwy Project: Satellite links to FSU Republics Russia: 155 Mbps Links to Moscow (Typ. 30-45 Mbps for Science) Moscow-Starlight Link to 155 Mbps (US NSF + Russia Support) Moscow-GEANT and Moscow-Stockholm Links 155 Mbps

R&E Backbone and Int’l Link Progress: 

R&E Backbone and Int’l Link Progress Abilene (Internet2) Upgrade from 2.5 to 10 Gbps in 2002-3 Encourage high throughput use for targeted applications; FAST ESNET: Upgrade: 2.5 and 10 Gbps Links SLAC + IN2P3 (BaBar) Typically ~400 Mbps throughput on US-CERN, Renater links ~600 Mbps Throughput is BaBar Target for First Half of 2003 FNAL: ESnet Link Upgraded to 622 Mbps Plans for dark fiber to STARLIGHT, proceeding US-CERN 622 Mbps in production from 8/02 2.5G to 10G Research Triangle STARLIGHT-CERN-SURFNet(NL); [10Gbps SNV-Starlight Link Loan from Level(3) 10/02-2/03] IEEAF Donation from Tyco: NY-Amsterdam Completed 9/02; Transpacific Donation by Mid-2003. 622 Mbps+10G Wavelength US Nat’l Light Rail and USAWaves (10 Gbps DWDM-based Fiber Infrastructures) Proceeding this Year

SuperSINET Updated Map: October 2002: 

SuperSINET Updated Map: October 2002 10 GbE + 10 Gbps IP Backbone 10 15 SuperSINET Universities with GbE Many SINET Nodes with 30-100 Mbps

Network Challenges and Requirements for High Throughput: 

Network Challenges and Requirements for High Throughput Low to Extremely Low Packet Loss (<< 0.01% for standard TCP) Need to track down uncongested packet loss No Local Infrastructure Bottlenecks or Quality Compromises Gigabit Ethernet and eventually some 10 GbE “clear paths” between selected host pairs TCP/IP stack configuration and tuning Absolutely Required Large Windows (~BW*RTT); Possibly Multiple Streams Also need to consider Fair Sharing with Other Traffic Careful Configuration: Routers, Servers and Client Systems Sufficient End-system CPU and Disk I/O; NIC performance End-to-end monitoring and tracking of performance Close collaboration with local and “regional” network staffs  New TCP Protocol Stacks Engineered for Stable Fair Operation at 1-10 Gbps; Eventually to 100 Gbps

FAST TCP: Baltimore/Sunnyvale : 

FAST TCP: Baltimore/Sunnyvale 1 flow 2 flows 7 flows 9 flows 10 flows Average utilization 95% 92% 90% 90% 88% Measurements Std Packet Size Utilization averaged over > 1hr 3000 km Path RTT estimation: fine-grain timer Fast convergence to equilibrium Delay monitoring in equilibrium Pacing: reducing burstiness Fair Sharing Fast Recovery 8.6 Gbps; 21.6 TB in 6 Hours 9G 10G

On Feb. 27-28, a Terabyte of data was transferred in 3700 seconds by S. Ravot of Caltech between the Level3 PoP in Sunnyvale near SLAC and CERN through the TeraGrid router at StarLight from memory to memory As a single TCP/IP stream at average rate of 2.38 Gbps.  (Using large windows and 9kB “Jumbo frames”)This beat the former record by a factor of ~2.5, and  used the US-CERN link at 99% efficiency.: 

On Feb. 27-28, a Terabyte of data was transferred in 3700 seconds by S. Ravot of Caltech between the Level3 PoP in Sunnyvale near SLAC and CERN through the TeraGrid router at StarLight from memory to memory As a single TCP/IP stream at average rate of 2.38 Gbps. (Using large windows and 9kB “Jumbo frames”) This beat the former record by a factor of ~2.5, and used the US-CERN link at 99% efficiency. 10GigE Data Transfer Trial European Commission 10GigE NIC

HENP Major Links: Bandwidth Roadmap (Scenario) in Gbps: 

HENP Major Links: Bandwidth Roadmap (Scenario) in Gbps Continuing the Trend: ~1000 Times Bandwidth Growth Per Decade; We are Rapidly Learning to Use Multi-Gbps Networks Dynamically

HENP Lambda Grids:Fibers for Physics: 

HENP Lambda Grids: Fibers for Physics Problem: Extract “Small” Data Subsets of 1 to 100 Terabytes from 1 to 1000 Petabyte Data Stores Survivability of the HENP Global Grid System, with hundreds of such transactions per day (circa 2007) requires that each transaction be completed in a relatively short time. Example: Take 800 secs to complete the transaction. Then Transaction Size (TB) Net Throughput (Gbps) 1 10 10 100 100 1000 (Capacity of Fiber Today) Summary: Providing Switching of 10 Gbps wavelengths within ~3-5 years; and Terabit Switching within 5-8 years would enable “Petascale Grids with Terabyte transactions”, to fully realize the discovery potential of major HENP programs, as well as other data-intensive fields.

National Light Rail Footprint: 

National Light Rail Footprint NLR Buildout Started November 2002 Initially 4 10 Gb Wavelengths To 40 10Gb Waves in Future Transition beginning now to optical, multi-wavelength R&E networks. Also Note: IEEAF/GEO plan for dark fiber in Europe

Optical Packet Routing Using  ConversionD. Blumenthal, UC Santa Barbara: 

Optical Packet Routing Using  Conversion D. Blumenthal, UC Santa Barbara Fast Wavelength Converter Packet switched to wavelength 2 Packet switched to wavelength 5 Wavelength Router Packets at Wavelength 1 and 7 Control Signals Fast Tunable Laser Optical > Electronic Switching Microprocessor Power Per Fiber Capacity Increases Circuit Switched Mode Burst Mode Packet Mode

80 Gbps Optical Packet Routing with Label Swapping Results (UCSB): 

80 Gbps Optical Packet Routing with Label Swapping Results (UCSB)

Rapid Network Advances and the Digital Divide: 

Rapid Network Advances and the Digital Divide The current generation of 2.5-10 Gbps network backbones arrived in the last 15 Months in the US, Europe and Japan Major transoceanic links also are reaching 2.5 - 10 Gbps Capability Increased ~4 Times, i.e. 2-3 Times Moore’s Law This is a direct result of the continued precipitous fall of network prices for 2.5 or 10 Gbps in these regions Higher prices remain in the poorer regions There are strong prospects for further advances that will cause the Divide to become a Chasm, Unless We Act For the Rich Regions: 10GigE in campus+metro backbones; GigE/10GigE to desktops Advances in protocols (TCP) to use networks at 1-10 Gbps+ DWDM: More 10G wavelengths and/or 40G speeds on a fiber Owned or leased wavelengths: in the last mile, the region, and/or across the country

PingER (Also IEPM-BW): 

PingER (Also IEPM-BW) Measurements from 38 monitors in 12 countries 790 remote hosts in 70 Countries; 3500 monitor-remote site pairs Measurements go back to Jan-95 Reports on link reliability, quality Countries monitored Contain 78% of world population 99% of Internet users Monitoring Sites Remote Sites Need to Continue, Strengthen the IEPM+ICTP Monitoring Efforts

History – Loss Quality (Cottrell): 

History – Loss Quality (Cottrell) Fewer sites have very poor to dreadful performance More have good performance (< 1% Loss) BUT <20% of the world’s population has Good or Acceptable performance

History - Throughput Quality  Improvements from US : 

History - Throughput Quality Improvements from US Bandwidth of TCP < MSS/(RTT*Sqrt(Loss)) (1) (1) Macroscopic Behavior of the TCP Congestion Avoidance Algorithm, Matthis, Semke, Mahdavi, Ott, Computer Communication Review 27(3), July 1997 80% annual improvement Factor ~100/8 yr Progress: but Digital Divide is Maintained

NREN Core Network Size (Mbps-km):http://www.terena.nl/compendium/2002: 

NREN Core Network Size (Mbps-km): http://www.terena.nl/compendium/2002 Logarithmic Scale 1k 100k 100 100M 10M 1M 10k Ro It Pl Gr Ir Ukr Hu Cz Es Nl Fi Ch Lagging In Transition Leading Advanced

Work on the Digital Divide:Several Perspectives: 

Work on the Digital Divide: Several Perspectives Identify & Help Solve Technical Problems: Nat’l, Regional, Last 10/1/0.1 km; Peering. SCIC Questionnaire to Experiment Managements Lab Directors Strong Support for Monitoring Projects, such as IEPM Inter-Regional Proposals (Example: Brazil) US NSF Proposal (10/2002); EU @LIS Proposal Work on Policies and/or Pricing: pk, in, br, cn, SE Europe, … Find Ways to work with vendors, NRENs, and/or Gov’ts Use Model Cases: Installation of new advanced fiber infrastructures; Convince Neighboring Countries Slovakia; Czech Republic; Poland (to 5k km fiber) Exploit One-off Solutions: E.g. the Virtual SILK Highway Project (DESY/FSU satellite links); Extend to a SE European site Work with Other Cognizant Organizations: Terena, Internet2, AMPATH, IEEAF, UN, GGFm etc.; help with technical and/or political solns

Slide29: 

Digital Divide Sub-Committee: Questionnaire Response Extract:

Slide30: 

Dai Davies SERENATE Workshop Feb. 5, 2003

Telecom monopolies have even higher prices in low income countries : 

Telecom monopolies have even higher prices in low income countries Fewer Market Entrants. Less Competition Lower Income  Less Penetration of New Technologies Price cap regulation creates cross subsidies between costumer groups. Large customers (inelastic demand) subsidize small costumers (elastic): High bandwidth services are very expensive Inefficient Rights of Way (ROW) regulation Inefficient spectrum allocation policies C. Casasus, CUDI (Mexico); W. St. Arnaud, CANARIE (Canada)

APAN Links in Asia January 2003: 

APAN Links in Asia January 2003 Progress: Japan-Korea Link: 8 Mbps to 1 Gbps in Jan. 2003; IEEAF 10G + 0.6G Links by ~June 2003 Typical Intra-Asia Int’l Links 0.5 – 45 Mbps

Inhomogeneous Bandwidth Distributionin Latin America. CAESAR Report (6/02): 

Inhomogeneous Bandwidth Distribution in Latin America. CAESAR Report (6/02) Int’l Links 4,236 Gbps Fiber Capacity Into Latin America; Only 0.071 Gbps Used Need to Pay Attention to End-point connections (e.g. UERJ Rio) J. Ibarra, AMPATH Wkshp In Progress: 622 Mbps Miami–Rio; CLARA Project: Brazil, Mexico, Chile, Agentina

Slide34: 

Gigabit Ethernet Backbone; 100 Mbps Link to GEANT

Slide35: 

Virtual Silk Highway Project Managed by DESY and Partners Virtual SILK Highway Project (from 11/01): NATO ($ 2.5 M) and Partners ($ 1.1M) Satellite Links to 8 FSU Republics in So. Caucasus and Central Asia In 2001-2 (pre-SILK) BW 64-512 kbps Proposed VSAT to get 10-50 X BW for same cost See www.silkproject.org [*] Partners: DESY, GEANT, CISCO UNDP, US State Dept., Worldbank, UC London, Univ. Groenigen SCIC: Extend to a SE Europe Site ? NATO Science for Peace Program

Slide36: 

Groningen Carrier Hotel “Cultivate and promote practical solutions to delivering scalable, universally available and equitable access to suitable bandwidth and necessary network resources in support of research and education collaborations.” http://www.ieeaf.org TransAtlantic, Transpacific, Intra-US and European Initiatives

Slide37: 

NY-AMS Done 9/02 US-JP-KR-CN-SG Tokyo by ~6/03 (Research)

Slide38: 

Global Quilt Initiative – GMRE Initiative - 001 Global Medical Research Exchange Initiative Bio-Medicine and Health Sciences 2002-3: Beginning a Plan for a Global Research and Education Exchange for High Energy Physics

Slide39: 

Jensen, ICTP Typ. 0-7 bps Per Person

Limited  by many external systemic factors: Electricity; Import Duties; Education;  Trade restrictions : 

Limited by many external systemic factors: Electricity; Import Duties; Education; Trade restrictions Jensen, ICTP Progress in Africa ?

Networks, Grids and HENP: 

Networks, Grids and HENP Current generation of 2.5-10 Gbps backbones and int’l links arrived in the last 15 Months in the US, Europe and Japan Capability Increased ~4 Times, i.e. 2-3 Times Moore’s Reliable high End-to-end Performance of network applications is required (large transfers; Grids), and is achievable Achieving this more broadly for HENP requires: End-to-end monitoring; a coherent approach (IEPM Project) Getting high performance (TCP) toolkits in users’ hands Isolating and addressing specific problems Removing Regional, Last Mile Bottlenecks and Compromises in Network Quality are now On the critical path, in all world regions Digital Divide: Network improvements are especially needed in SE Europe, So. America; SE Asia, and Africa Work in Concert with Internet2, Terena, APAN, AMPATH; DataTAG, the Grid projects and the Global Grid Forum

SCIC Work in 2003: 

SCIC Work in 2003 Continue Digital Divide Focus Improve and Systematize Information in Europe; in Cooperation with TERENA and SERENATE More in-depth information on Asia, with APAN More in-depth information on South America, with AMPATH Begin Work on Africa, with ICTP Set Up HENP Networks Web Site and Database Share Information on Problems, Pricing; Example Solutions Continue and if Possible Strengthen Monitoring Work (IEPM) Continue Work on Specific Improvements: Brazil and So. America; Romania; Russia; India; Pakistan, China An ICFA-Sponsored Statement at the World Summit on the Information Society (12/03 in Geneva), prepared by SCIC +CERN Watch Requirements; the “Lambda” & “Grid Analysis” revolutions Discuss, Begin to Create a New “Culture of Collaboration”