Leonardo's Laptop: Human Needs and the New Computing Ben Shneiderman Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies & Systems Research University of Maryland ben@cs.umd.edu : Leonardo's Laptop: Human Needs and the New Computing Ben Shneiderman Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies & Systems Research University of Maryland ben@cs.umd.edu
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Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
Interdisciplinary research community
- Computer Science & Psychology
- Information Studies & Education
(www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)
Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly): Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly) Specify users and tasks
Predict and measure
time to learn
speed of performance
rate of human errors
human retention over time
Assess subjective satisfaction (Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction)
Accommodate individual differences
Consider social, organizational & cultural context
Design Issues: Design Issues Input devices & strategies
Keyboards, pointing devices, voice
Direct manipulation
Menus, forms, commands
Output devices & formats
Screens, windows, color, sound
Text, tables, graphics
Instructions, messages, help
Collaboration & communities
Manuals, tutorials, training www.awl.com/DTUI
usableweb.com
hcibib.org
useit.com
Library of Congress: Library of Congress
Scholars, Journalists, Citizens
Teachers, Students
Visible Human Explorer (NLM): Visible Human Explorer (NLM) Doctors
Surgeons
Researchers
Students
NASA Environmental Data: NASA Environmental Data Scientists
Farmers
Land planners
Students
Bureau of Census: Bureau of Census
Economists, Policy makers, Journalists
Teachers, Students
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519): Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Renaissance Man
Painter
Inventor
Visionary
Mathematician
Philosopher
Engineer
Mona Lisa: Mona Lisa
Lady with Ermine & Leda with Swan: Lady with Ermine & Leda with Swan
Last Supper Fresco: Last Supper Fresco
Remarkable Drawing Skill: Remarkable Drawing Skill
Faces of Old Men: Faces of Old Men
Anatomical Drawings: Anatomical Drawings
Machine Gun and Giant Crossbow: Machine Gun and Giant Crossbow
Why Leonardo Inspires Us: Why Leonardo Inspires Us He integrated
- Scientific outlook
- Practical technology
- Artistic skill
Leonardo: An Inspirational Muse: Leonardo: An Inspirational Muse
Three lessons:
1) Human needs drive innovation
2) Universal usability
3) Creativity support tools
Slide19: Jefferson: Life, Liberty & the Pursuit of Happiness
Roosevelt: Freedom of speech & expression, religion, from want, from fear
Maslow: Hierarchy of human needs
Physiological
Safety
Love
Esteem
Self-Actualization
Covey: Living, Loving, Learning & Leaving a legacy
1) Human needs drive innovation
Spectrum of relationships: Spectrum of relationships
Family & Friends
(2-20 close intimates)
Colleagues & Neighbors
(10-1000 regular encounters)
Members & Residents
(1000-1,000,000 professionals or city residents )
Citizenry & Markets
(larger communities)
Range of Activities: Range of Activities Collect: Information
Relate: Communication
Create: Innovation
Donate: Dissemination
Periodic table: Periodic table Relationships:
Family & Friends
Colleagues & Neighbors
Members & Residents
Citizenry & Markets
Activities:
Collect Relate Create Donate
Periodic table: Periodic table Relationships:
Family & Friends
Colleagues & Neighbors
Members & Residents
Citizenry & Markets
Activities:
Collect Relate Create Donate
Skeptics corner
- Aren’t relationships more complex
- Are these useful activities?
Examples: Collecting information: Examples: Collecting information Relationships:
Family & Friends
Colleagues & Neighbors
Members & Residents
Citizenry & Markets
Activities:
Collect Relate Create Donate
LifeLines
InfoDoor
InfoWall
WebBush
Examples: Relating to others: Examples: Relating to others Relationships:
Family & Friends
Colleagues & Neighbors
Members & Residents
Citizenry & Markets
Activities:
Collect Relate Create Donate
Examples: Creating a future: Examples: Creating a future Relationships:
Family & Friends
Colleagues & Neighbors
Members & Residents
Citizenry & Markets
Activities:
Collect Relate Create Donate
Examples: Disseminating & Leading: Examples: Disseminating & Leading Relationships:
Family & Friends
Colleagues & Neighbors
Members & Residents
Citizenry & Markets
Activities:
Collect Relate Create Donate
Human needs drive innovation: Human needs drive innovation Relationships:
Family & Friends
Colleagues & Neighbors
Members & Residents
Citizenry & Markets
Activities:
Collect Relate Create Donate
2) Universal Usability : 2) Universal Usability Problem: Confusion, frustration, and remorse dominate user experiences
Survey of 6000 users finds 5.1 hours/week wasted
Incompatible files, interfaces, networks, hardware
Poorly designed websites lacking accessibility policy
Solutions:
Raise user expectations
Conduct research
Provide practical tools & methods
2) Universal Usability : 2) Universal Usability Problem: Confusion, frustration, and remorse dominate user experiences
Survey of 6000 users finds 5.1 hours/week wasted
Incompatible files, interfaces, networks, hardware
Poorly designed websites lacking accessibility policy
Solutions:
Raise user expectations
Conduct research
Provide practical tools & methods Skeptics corner
- Dumbing down
- Lowest common denominator
2) Universal Usability : 2) Universal Usability Problem: Confusion, frustration, and remorse dominate user experiences
Survey of 6000 users finds 5.1 hours/week wasted
Incompatible files, interfaces, networks, hardware
Poorly designed websites lacking accessibility policy
Solutions:
Raise user expectations
Conduct research
Provide practical tools & methods
ACM Code of Ethics: ACM Code of Ethics In a fair society, all individuals would have equal opportunity to participate in, or benefit from, the use of computer resources regardless of race, sex, religion, age, disability, national origin or other such similar factors.
Internet Use by Education - 1998: Internet Use by Education - 1998 Percent of U.S. Households Using the Internet Total U.S., Rural, Urban, and Central City Areas Falling Through the Net: Defining the Digital Divide www.ntia.doc.gov
Internet Use by Income - 1998: Internet Use by Income - 1998 Percent of U.S. Households Using the Internet Total U.S., Rural, Urban, and Central City Areas Falling Through
the Net:
Defining the
Digital Divide
www.ntia.doc.gov
Research Agenda : Research Agenda Technology variety: Support broad range of hardware, software, and network access
User diversity: Accommodate users with different skills, knowledge, age, gender, disabilities, disabling conditions (mobility, injury, noise, sunlight), literacy, culture, income, etc.
Gaps in user knowledge: Bridge the gap between what users know and what they need to know Communications of the ACM, May 2000
Slide36: Technology variety: Support broad range of hardware, software, and network access 1 to 100 range in processor speeds
286 486 Pentium
1 to 100 range in screen sizes
Palm
devices Laptops Large Desktop or Wall Display
30,000 480,000 3,840,000 pixels
Software Versions
Compatibility
File conversion
Multiple platforms Device Independence
Input: keyboard, speech,...
Output: visual, auditory,...
Conversion: Text-speech
Speech-text,...
Slide37: Language & Culture
Western, Eastern, developing...
Personality
Introvert vs extravert
Thinking vs feeling
Risk aversion
Locus of control
Planful vs playful User diversity: Accommodate different users Skills
Computer newbie to hacker
Knowledge
Domain novice to expert
Age Young to old
Gender
Male or Female
Income
Impoverished to wealthy Disabilities
Visual, auditory, motoric, cognitive Disabling conditions
Mobility, injury, noise, sunlight
Gaps in User Knowledge - Strategies: Online help
Context sensitive, tables of contents,
Indexes, Keyword search,
FAQs, Newsgroups, Chat rooms
Online communities Gaps in User Knowledge - Strategies Bridge the gap between what users know and what they need to know
Design
Layered
Level-structured
Task-oriented Training
Fade-able scaffolding
Training wheels
Minimalist
Online Learning
(evolutionary, phased) Introductory tutorials
Getting started manuals, Cue cards
Walkthroughs/Demos
Minimalist/Active Customer service
Email
Phone
Help desks
3) Creativity Support Tools: 3) Creativity Support Tools More people, more creative, more of the time
Revolutionary breakthroughs, paradigm shifts, H-creativity
Evolutionary, normal science, music & art, creative knowledge work
Impromptu everyday creativity
Eight Activities : Eight Activities 1) Searching & browsing digital libraries
2) Consulting with peers & mentors
3) Visualizing data & processes
4) Thinking by free associations
5) Exploring solutions - What if tools
6) Composing artifacts & performances
7) Reviewing & replaying session histories
8) Disseminating results
Eight Activities : Eight Activities 1) Searching & browsing digital libraries
2) Consulting with peers & mentors
3) Visualizing data & processes
4) Thinking by free associations
5) Exploring solutions - What if tools
6) Composing artifacts & performances
7) Reviewing & replaying session histories
8) Disseminating results
Skeptics corner
- Tools can limit imagination
- Not everyone wants to be creative
- Creativity can be malicious
3) Visualizing data & processes: 3) Visualizing data & processes The eye…
the window of the soul,
is the principal means
by which the central sense
can most completely and
abundantly appreciate
the infinite works of nature.
Leonardo da Vinci
(1452 - 1519)
Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think : Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think Visual bandwidth is enormous
Human perceptual skills are remarkable
Trend, cluster, gap, outlier...
Color, size, shape, proximity...
Human image storage is fast and vast
Opportunities
Spatial layouts & coordination
Information visualization
Scientific visualization & simulation
Telepresence & augmented reality
Virtual environments
Information Visualization: Mantra: Information Visualization: Mantra Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Information Visualization: Data Types: Information Visualization: Data Types 1-D Linear Document Lens, SeeSoft, Info Mural, Value Bars
2-D Map GIS, ArcView, PageMaker, Medical imagery
3-D World CAD, Medical, Molecules, Architecture
Multi-Dim Parallel Coordinates, Spotfire, XGobi, Visage, Influence Explorer, TableLens, DEVise
Temporal Perspective Wall, LifeLines, Lifestreams, Project Managers, DataSpiral
Tree Cone/Cam/Hyperbolic, TreeBrowser, Treemap
Network Netmap, netViz, SeeNet, Butterfly, Multi-trees
(Online Library of Information Visualization Environments)
otal.umd.edu/Olive
Customer Histories: Customer Histories
Slide48: LifeLines
Treemap - view large trees : Treemap - view large trees Space filling
Space limited
Color coding
Size coding
Requires learning (Shneiderman, ACM Trans. on Graphics, 1992) TreeViz (Mac, Johnson, 1992)
NBA-Tree(Sun, Turo, 1993)
Winsurfer (Teittinen, 1996)
Diskmapper (Windows, Micrologic)
Treemap97 (Windows, UMd)
Treemap - Stock market, clustered by industry: Treemap - Stock market, clustered by industry
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519): Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Three lessons:
1) Human needs drive innovation
2) Universal usability
3) Creativity support tools
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ACM Conference on Universal Usability
Washington, DC
November 16-17, 2000
www.acm.org/sigchi/cuu
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Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil
For More Information: For More Information Visit the HCIL website for 200 papers & info on videos (www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)
See Chapter 15 on Info Visualization Shneiderman, B., Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction: Third Edition (1998) (www.aw.com/DTUI)
January 1999 book of readings: Card, S., Mackinlay, J., and Shneiderman, B. Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think