6 arthropod borne infectious disease

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ARTHROPOD BORNE INFECTIOUS DISEASE: 

ARTHROPOD BORNE INFECTIOUS DISEASE

ARTHROPOD BORNE INFECTIOUS DISEASE: 

ARTHROPOD BORNE INFECTIOUS DISEASE MOSQUITO TICK BED-BUGS LICE SAND-FLY BLACK-FLY FLEA

ARTHROPOD BORNE INFECTIOUS DISEASE: 

ARTHROPOD BORNE INFECTIOUS DISEASE LOUSE-BORNE DISEASE OVERCROWDING POOR HYGIENE POOR SHELTER HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES

ARTHROPOD BORNE INFECTIOUS DISEASE: 

ARTHROPOD BORNE INFECTIOUS DISEASE SAND-FLY LEISHMANIASIS

ARTHROPOD BORNE INFECTIOUS DISEASE: 

ARTHROPOD BORNE INFECTIOUS DISEASE FORMS OF INFECTION CUTANEOUS INFECTION KALA-AZAR

ARTHROPOD BORNE INFECTIOUS DISEASE: 

ARTHROPOD BORNE INFECTIOUS DISEASE BLACK-FLY RIVER BLINDNESS Onchocerca volvulus

ARTHROPOD BORNE INFECTIOUS DISEASE: 

ARTHROPOD BORNE INFECTIOUS DISEASE MOSQUITO MALARIA DENGUE YELLOW FEVER JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS

YELLOW FEVER: 

YELLOW FEVER YELLOW FEVER VIRUS TYPE STRAIN FOR FLAVIVIRIDAE SUB SAHARAN AFRICA & SOUTH AMERICA Aedes aegypti

WEST NILE VALLEY ENCEPHALITIS: 

WEST NILE VALLEY ENCEPHALITIS ORIGINALLY ISOLATED UGANDA 1937 MORE WIDESPREAD IN RECENT YEARS FIRST REPORTED IN WESTERN HEMISPHERE USA 1999

WEST NILE VALLEY ENCEPHALITIS: 

WEST NILE VALLEY ENCEPHALITIS NOW DISSEMINATED WIDELY IN US ALSO REPORTED IN EUROPE ENZOOTIC CYCLE BIRDS/MOSQUITOS MOSQUITO - Culex pipiens MAINTAIN TRANSMISSION IN BIRDS HUMAN INFECTION HYBRIDS OF C. pipiens WITH OTHER SPECIES

Aedes aegypti : 

Aedes aegypti

DENGUE: 

DENGUE VIRUS FAMILY: FLAVIVIRIDAE GENUS: FLAVIVIRUS (YELLOW FEVER/HEPATITIS C VIRUS) 40-50 NM SPHERICAL VIRUS LIPID ENVELOPE

FLAVIVIRIDAE IN IRELAND: 

FLAVIVIRIDAE IN IRELAND HEPATITIS C VIRUS

FLAVIVIRIDAE: 

FLAVIVIRIDAE GEMOME ABOUT 11 000 BASES ENCODES 3 STRUCTURAL PROTEINS 7 NON-STRUCTURAL PROTEINS

FLAVIVIRIDAE: 

FLAVIVIRIDAE 3 MAJOR SUB-GROUPS Flavivirus Pestivirus (VETERINARY) Hepacivirus 3 GROUPS SHARE COMMON GENOMIC STRUCTURE DO NOT SHARE COMMON ANTIGENS

FLAVIVIRIDAE: 

FLAVIVIRIDAE 3 MAJOR SUB-GROUPS Flavivirus Pestivirus (VETERINARY) Hepacivirus DO NOT SHARE COMMON ANTIGENS WHY IS THAT IMPORTANT? DIAGNOSTIC TESTS BASED ON ANTIBODIES

FLAVIVIRIDAE: 

FLAVIVIRIDAE ROUTES OF TRANSMISSION MOSQUITO BORNE DENGUE TICK BORNE TICK BORNE ENCEPHALITIS(TBE) NO KNOWN ARTHROPOD VECTOR HEPATITIS C VIRUS

FLAVIVIRUS: 

FLAVIVIRUS FLAVIVIRUS HAVE COMMON GROUP EPITOPES ON THE ENVELOPE PROTEINS WHY MIGHT THAT MATTER? ANTIBODIES TO ONE MAY REACT TO SOME DEGREE WITH ANOTHER IMPLICATIONS FOR IMMUNITY DIAGNSOTICS SEROLOGY

DENGUE –THE VIRUS: 

DENGUE –THE VIRUS FOUR SEROTYPES DENV-1 DENV-2 DENV-3 DENV-4

DENGUE- THE VECTOR: 

DENGUE- THE VECTOR Aedes aegypti SMALL MOSQUITO URBAN/DOMESTICATED MOSQUITO LAYS EGGS IN ARTIFICIAL CONTAINERS VASES CAR-TYRES EMPTY PLASTIC BOTTLES WATER STORAGE CONTAINERS (BARRELLS/CISTERNS)

DENGUE- THE VECTOR: 

DENGUE- THE VECTOR Aedes aegypti ADULT MOSQUITO RESTS INDOORS DAYLIGHT FEEDER FEMALE IS A “NERVOUS FEEDER” EASILY DISTURBED MAY BITE/PROBE SEVERAL PEOPLE DURING ONE BLOOD MEAL VIRUS MAY TRANSMIT DURING VERY BRIEF PROBE WHOLE FAMILIES MAY DEVELOP INFECTION WITHIN 24/36 HOURS FROM ONE MOSQUITO

DENGUE INFECTION: 

DENGUE INFECTION VIRAL REPLICATION OVER 3 TO 14 DAYS FOR 2- 3 DAYS IN LYMPH NODES THAT DRAIN THE REGION OF THE BITE DISSEMINATE WITHIN 2 – 3 DAYS INFECTS MONOCYTES, T CELLS & B CELLS

CONSEQUENCES OF DENGUE INFECTION: 

CONSEQUENCES OF DENGUE INFECTION DEPENDS ON THE VIRUS STRAIN OF DENGUE VIRUS 1,2,3,& 4 BUT ALSO GENETIC DIVERSITY WITHIN EACH SEROTYPE THE HOST IMMUNE STATUS AGE GENETIC BACKGROUND

CONSEQUENCES OF DENGUE INFECTION: 

CONSEQUENCES OF DENGUE INFECTION ASYMPTOMATIC/ MINIMALLY SYMPTOMATIC ESPECIALLY YOUNGER CHILDREN

CONSEQUENCES OF DENGUE INFECTION: 

CONSEQUENCES OF DENGUE INFECTION DENGUE FEVER (OLDER CHILDREN & ADULTS) 3 TO 14 DAYS INCUBATION PERIOD SUDEN ONSET OF FEVER FRONTAL HEADACE BODY ACHES NAUSEA/VOMITING JOINT PAIN RASH ENLARGED LYMPH NODES SKIN HAEMORRHAGES OR GUM & NOSE BLEEDING USUALLY SELF-LIMIITNG RARELY FATAL

CONSEQUENCES OF DENGUE INFECTION: 

CONSEQUENCES OF DENGUE INFECTION DENGUE HAEMORRHAGIC FEVER (DHF) USUALLY IN CHILDREN < 15 YEARS INITIAL ILLNESS VERY LIKE DENGUE FEVER AROUND THE TIME THE FEVER RESOLVES SEVERE HAEMORRHAGIC MANIFESTATIONS SHOCK (CIRCULATORY COLLAPSE) FLUID FROM BLOOD LEAKS INTO TISSUE FROM THE CAPILLARIES

CONSEQUENCES OF DENGUE INFECTION: 

CONSEQUENCES OF DENGUE INFECTION DENGUE HAEMORRHAGIC FEVER (DHF) OUTCOME IF SHOCK (CIRCULATORY COLLAPSE) IS PROFOUND AND NOT TREATED RAPID DEATH IF SHOCK IS LESS PROFOUND/EFFECTIVELY TREATED RECOVERY MAY BE RAPID CRITICAL ISSUE IN TREATMENT IS TO MAINTAIN VOLUME IN THE CIRCULATION BY INTRAVENOUS FLUIDS

WHAT CAUSES DHF: 

WHAT CAUSES DHF IMMUNE ENHANCEMENT HYPOTHESIS PERSON PREVIOUSLY INFECTED WITH DENV1 HAS ANTIBODIES TO DENV-1 BECOMES INFECTED WITH DENV-3 ANTIBODIES TO DENV-1 BIND TO DENV-3 THE ANTI-DENV-1 ANTIBOIDES FAIL TO NEUTRALISE DENV-3 MACROPHAGES TAKE UP THE DENV-3 MORE EFFECTIVELY BECAUSE OF THE BOUND ANTIBODY

WHAT CAUSES DHF: 

WHAT CAUSES DHF IMMUNE ENHANCEMENT HYPOTHESIS MORE INTENSE INFECTION OF MACROPHAGES/MONONUCLEAR CELLS MORE PRODUCTION OF CYTOKINES/VASOACTIVE SUBSTANCES BY MACROPHAGES/MONONUCLEAR CELLS GREATER DEGREE OF VASCULAR PERMEABILITY

WHAT CAUSES DHF: 

WHAT CAUSES DHF GENETIC VARIABILITY OF DENV HYPOTHESIS MUTATIONS IN VIRAL GENOME RESULT IN DIVERSITY OF VIRUS SOME MUTATIONS RESULT IN VIRUS WITH INCREASED ABILITY TO CAUSE SEVERE DISEASE

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF DHF: 

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF DHF HOW? REMEMBER ONLY 2 THING 1. VIRUS/BITS OF VIRUS 2. HOST RESPONSE

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF DHF: 

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF DHF ANTIBODY DETECTION ACUTE SAMPLE (WHEN ILLNESS STARTS) CONVALESCENT SAMPLE (TAKEN AT/NEAR END OF ILLNESS) IgM ELISA BECOMES POSITIVE ABOUT DAY 5 OF ILLNESS IgG DETECTION (HAEMAGGLUTINATION-INHIBITION) WHAT DOES IgG MEAN?

LABORAOTRY DIAGNOSIS OF DHF: 

LABORAOTRY DIAGNOSIS OF DHF ANTIBODY DETECTION ACUTE SAMPLE (WHEN ILLNESS STARTS) CONVALESCENT SAMPLE (TAKEN AT/NEAR END OF ILLNESS) HIGHER LEVEL OF ATIBODY IN CONVALESCENT SAMPLE COMPARED WITH ACUTE SAMPLE

LABORAOTRY DIAGNOSIS OF DHF: 

LABORAOTRY DIAGNOSIS OF DHF VIRUS ISOLATION TISSUE CULTURE NUCLEIC ACID DETECTION REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION & PCR

TREATMENT OF DENGUE VIRUS INFECTION: 

TREATMENT OF DENGUE VIRUS INFECTION SUPPORTIVE NO SPECIFIC ANTI-VIRAL TREATMENT

CONTROL OF DENGUE: 

CONTROL OF DENGUE VACCINE NONE CURRENTLY AVAILABLE BUT 3 LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES UNDER DEVELOPMENT ALSO CHIMERIC VIRUS VACCINES 6 TETRAVALENT CANDIDATE VACCINES IN OR NEAR CLINICAL TRIALS THE PEDIATRIC DENGUE VACCINE INITIATIVE (BILL & MELINDA GATES FOUNDATION)

SPREAD OF DENGUE: 

SPREAD OF DENGUE 40% OF GLOBAL POPULATION AT RISK ESTIMATED 50 MILLIION INFECTIONS PER YEAR ENDEMIC IN > 100 COUNTRIES

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF DENGUE: 

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF DENGUE

SPREAD OF DENGUE: 

SPREAD OF DENGUE SPREAD IN RECENT DECADES BEFORE 1971 ONLY 9 COUNTRIES HAD EXPERIENCED DHF EPIDEMICS BY 1995 > 30 COUNTRIES HAD EXPERIENCED EPIDEMICS

SPREAD OF DENGUE: 

SPREAD OF DENGUE WHY THE SPREAD? MAY BE MULTIPLE FACTORS INCREASED AIR TRAVEL INCREASED URBANISATION INCREASED PLASTIC REFUSE (WATER TRAP BREEDING SITES) IS CLIMATE CHANGE A FACTOR?

CLIMATE CHANGE: 

CLIMATE CHANGE UN INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE http://www.ipcc.ch/ WMO WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION UNEP UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMME ESTABLISHED IN 1988

CLIMATE CHANGE: 

CLIMATE CHANGE UN INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) FIRST IPCC ASSESSMENT REPORT 1990 SECOND ASSESSMENT REPORT 1995 THIRD ASSESSMENT REPORT 2001 FOURTH ASSESSMENT REPORT 2007

CLIMATE CHANGE: 

CLIMATE CHANGE UN INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) SUMMARY FOR POLICY MAKERS

CLIMATE CHANGE: 

CLIMATE CHANGE ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS OF CO2 METHANE AND NITROUS OXIDE FAR EXCEED PREINDUSTIAL LEVELS CO2 FOSSIL FUEL USE & LAND USE CHANGE METHANE & NITROUS OXIDE AGRICULTURE

CLIMATE CHANGE: 

CLIMATE CHANGE CO2 280ppm PRE INDUSTRIAL (RANGE OVER LAST 650 000 YEARS 180-300) 379 PPM 2005 FOSSIL FUEL USE & LAND USE CHANGE METHANE 715ppb PRE INDUSTRIAL (RANGE OVER LAST 650 000 YEARS 320-790) 1774 IN 2005

CLIMATE CHANGE: 

CLIMATE CHANGE “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal” 11 OF THE LAST 12 YEARS RANK AMONG THE 12 WARMEST YEARS SINCE RECORDS BEGAN IN 1850

CLIMATE CHANGE: 

CLIMATE CHANGE SNOW COVER AND ICE EXTENT HAVE DIMINISHED GLOBAL AVERAGE SEA LEVEL HAS INCREASED AT AN AVERAGE RATE OF 1.8 mm/YEAR FROM 1961-2003 FROM 1993-2003 RATE WAS 2.4 TO 3.8 mm/YEAR SEA LEVEL HAS RISEN BY 0.17 M IN 20TH CENTURY

CLIMATE CHANGE: 

CLIMATE CHANGE “MOST OF THE OBSERVED INCREASE IN GLOBALLY AVERAGED TEMPERATURES SINCE THE MID 20TH CENTURY IS VERY LIKELY DUE TO THE OBSERVED INCREASE IN ANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSE GAS CONCENTRATIONS.”

CLIMATE CHANGE: 

CLIMATE CHANGE IRELAND ENVIRONMENTAL RTDI PROGRAMME 200-2006 CLIMATE CHANGE INDICATORS FOR IRELAND

CLIMATE CHANGE & HEALTH: 

CLIMATE CHANGE & HEALTH LICE TYPHUS RELAPSING FEVER

CLIMATE CHANGE & HEALTH: 

CLIMATE CHANGE & HEALTH

CLIMATE CHANGE & HEALTH: 

CLIMATE CHANGE & HEALTH LICE TYPHUS RELAPSING FEVER

CLIMATE CHANGE & HEALTH: 

CLIMATE CHANGE & HEALTH LICE TYPHUS RELAPSING FEVER

VECTOR BORNE DISEASE: 

VECTOR BORNE DISEASE LARGE BURDEN OF HUMAN DISEASE HUMAN ACTIVITY IMPACTS ON VECTOR NUMBERS VECTOR DISTRIBUTION SOCIAL STRUCTURE IMPACTS ON EXPOSURE TO VECTORS OUTCOME OF INFECTION

VECTOR BORNE DISEASE: 

VECTOR BORNE DISEASE WHO HUMAN INDUCED CLIMATE CHANGE MAY CAUSE 150 000 DEATHS/YEAR MAINLY FROM 1. DIRECT:HEAT WAVES & DROUGHTS 2. INDIRECT: INFECTIOUS DISEASE

VECTOR BORNE DISEASE: 

VECTOR BORNE DISEASE CLIMATE & DENGUE El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) REVERSAL OF CURRENTS IN PACIFIC LINKED TO DENGUE FEVER DENGUE HAEMORRHAGIC FEVER

VECTOR BORNE DISEASE: 

VECTOR BORNE DISEASE CLIMATE CHANGE & MALARIA CONFLICTING RESULTS CLIMATE CHANE & CHOLERA LINKS BETWEEN CHANGING PATTERNS OF RAINFALL AND INCREASED CHOLERA IN BANGLADESH Koelle K. Nature 2005; 436:696-700

VECTOR BORNE DISEASE: 

VECTOR BORNE DISEASE CLIMATE CHANGE & MALARIA CONFLICTING RESULTS CLIMATE CHANE & CHOLERA LINKS BETWEEN CHANGING PATTERNS OF RAINFALL AND INCREASED CHOLERA IN BANGLADESH Koelle K. Nature 2005; 436:696-700

VECTOR BORNE DISEASE: 

VECTOR BORNE DISEASE http://www.ehponline.org CLIMATE CHANGE AND MOSQUITO BORNE DISEASE Reiter P. 2001;109 “The natural history of mosquito-borne diseases is complex, and the interplay of climate, ecology, vector biology and many other factors defies simplistic analysis. The recent resurgence of many of these diseases is a major cause for concern, but it is facile to attribute this resurgence to climate change.”

READING: 

READING http://www.who.int/globalchange/en GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE Dengue: an escalating problem. Gibbons RV, Vaughn DW BMJ. 2002;324:1563-1566 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs117/en/ http://www.scidev.net CLIMATE CHANGE IN AFRICA

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