military

The Creation of a Modern Military in Latin America: 

The Creation of a Modern Military in Latin America How did the military shift from bands of caudillos to modern military forces? Did all new nation states modernize the military? How was this accomplished? Role of International Conflicts Foreign Advisors Universal Military Conscription

How could the new nations eliminate caudillos?: 

How could the new nations eliminate caudillos? Not all could Often depended on the level of urbanization and education of military Implied that political leaders did not put the military above the law Performance in international conflicts often a factor Part of the invention of male citizenship

Uniforms of military before modernization: 

Uniforms of military before modernization

19th and early 29th century international conflicts: 

19th and early 29th century international conflicts Textbook provides a clear chronology of foreign invasions in Latin America From the time of wars of independence, military leaders like Bolívar and San Martín corresponded with foreign military men about support and weapons Some served as part of military missions abroad As early as the 1860s foreign military advisors began to appear in Paraguay, El Salvador and Guatemala, invited to modernize military establishments—came from Prussia, France, Great Britain, and, eventually, the United States.

The modern military as patriots: 

The modern military as patriots Brian Loveman and others have seen this as part of a nation building process to create a sense of patriotism and pride in former colonies Presidents helped the military modernize by ordering modern military weapons such as cannons, Remington rifles

The Impact of the Monroe Doctrine: 

The Impact of the Monroe Doctrine By the early 20th century, the United States began to invade countries in the Caribbean that were threatened by European powers for non-payment of debts In this region, the growth of the military had a different perspective than in South America where fears of the U.S. were not great The impact of the U.S. takeover of Cuba after its war of independence in 1898 provided incentives to create modern armies

Modernizing the Military in Mexico : 

Modernizing the Military in Mexico Porfirio Díaz sent Mexican generals to study in German academies and imported German ammunition Also incorporated European notions of a modern military establishment based upon accomplishment and merit, rather than political or family influence How were these ideas subverted? Lack of representation for minority and majority groups of indigenous Political corruption that utilized and rewarded the military for participation in political activities.

Mexican Military Uniforms, 1840,1910: 

Mexican Military Uniforms, 1840,1910

Military modernization in Central America: 

Military modernization in Central America Most notable in Guatemala from 1873 onward. Created military academies and brought in German military officers Elsewhere the modernization was not as complete before 1930. Left the countries more vulnerable to dictatorships

The Modern Military in South America: 

The Modern Military in South America Far more successful than in Central America Occurred in Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and Paraguay Sometimes both French and German officers were invited to teach and train officers Military became the guardians of the nation, but were often abused, rather than supported by politicians.

U.S. trained militaries: 

U.S. trained militaries U.S. tended to establish police forces in Central American countries, rather than a modern military—designed to keep the peace U.S. politicians failed to see the need to train militaries to protect the nation Police forces became easily corrupted by dictators—used the rhetoric of law and order while they plundered and abused the populations of Cuba and other countries U.S. military provided a positive role model in the construction of sanitary facilities and the promotion of public health---e.g. Yellow fever treatment in Panama

Latin American Militaries during World War I: 

Latin American Militaries during World War I Were small armies with few modern weapons—Mexico had only 30,000 men at time of Mexican Revolution of 1910—smaller European countries usually had at least 50,000 in a standing army Peru had 7,000, Colombia 5,300, Brazil 40,000

Implementation of Universal Military Conscription: 

Implementation of Universal Military Conscription Argentina1901 Bolivia1907 Brazil1908, 1916 (implemented) Chile1900 Colombia1896 Ecuador 1902, 1905 Paraguay 1916 Peru1898, 1901, 1912 Uruguay Heavily debated in first decades of twentieth century; none adopted What did universal military conscription imply?

Technological advances of World War I: 

Technological advances of World War I New technologies of war: tanks, airplanes, new types of guns, mustard gas Military officers lobbied Latin American legislatures for increased budgets If they did not receive their allocations, this led them to conspire against the presidents of the times.

Participation by the military in overthrow of governments: 

Participation by the military in overthrow of governments Argentina 1930 Bolivia 1930, 1934, 1936, 1937 Brazil 1930, 1937 Chile 1924, 1925, 1927, 1931, 1932 Cuba 1933 Ecuador 1925, 1931, 1935, 1937 El Salvador, 1931 Guatemala, 1931 Panama 1931 Paraguay 1936, 1937 Peru 1930, 1931, 1933, 1936 Uruguay 1933 Venezuela 1936

How could the military be agents of progress?: 

How could the military be agents of progress? European teachers informed the military of social reforms in their countries such as Bismarck’s Germany Many in Brazil were also trained to help in civil engineering projects Brought new legal models to Latin America through military codes Many military officers horrified at the social differences in their country—how could a nation be built in these circumstances—led to revolutions in Bolivia and Peru