UNIT 3 1 COLD WAR

3. The Cold War: Canadian Foreign Policy under Pax Americana: 

3. The Cold War: Canadian Foreign Policy under Pax Americana 3.1. The “Golden Age” of Canadian Internationalism 3.2. New Directions, Old Challenges 3.3. The End of the Cold War

3.1. The “Golden Age” of Canadian Internationalism: 

3.1. The “Golden Age” of Canadian Internationalism Models for Explaining/Interpreting Canadian Foreign policy Middle Power Model Principal Power Model Satellite Model Feminist Model Hegemony/Dominant Class Model

3.1. The “Golden Age” of Canadian Internationalism: 

3.1. The “Golden Age” of Canadian Internationalism The Birth of the “Middle Power” Model The Concept of a “Middle Power” The Functional Principle Quiet Diplomacy Tip: Remember to connect this material with the more in depth discussion of the middle power model (and the other models) in the readings.

3.1. The “Golden Age” of Canadian Internationalism: 

3.1. The “Golden Age” of Canadian Internationalism The Golden Age Canada and the post-war order Peaceful international order (security) Open trading system (exports) Multilateralism and institutions (voice, influence)

3.1. The “Golden Age” of Canadian Internationalism: 

3.1. The “Golden Age” of Canadian Internationalism The Cornerstones of post-war Canadian foreign policy: The United Nations Korea Peacekeeping The Bretton Woods System and GATT The Commonwealth Europe and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization The Canada-US Relationship Trade and Finance Continental Defence

3.1. The “Golden Age” of Canadian Internationalism: 

3.1. The “Golden Age” of Canadian Internationalism Canada and the United Nations (Part I) The Korean War

3.1. The “Golden Age” of Canadian Internationalism: 

3.1. The “Golden Age” of Canadian Internationalism Canada and the post-war economic order Bretton Woods General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

3.1. The “Golden Age” of Canadian Internationalism: 

3.1. The “Golden Age” of Canadian Internationalism Canada and the Commonwealth

3.1. The “Golden Age” of Canadian Internationalism: 

3.1. The “Golden Age” of Canadian Internationalism Canada, Europe and NATO

3.1. The “Golden Age” of Canadian Internationalism: 

3.1. The “Golden Age” of Canadian Internationalism The Canada-US Relationship Trade and Finance

3.1. The “Golden Age” of Canadian Internationalism: 

3.1. The “Golden Age” of Canadian Internationalism The Canada-US Relationship Trade and Finance Continental Defence The North American Air Defence Command (1957) The Defence Production Sharing Arrangement (1956) The Defence Development Sharing Arrangement (1963)

3.1. The “Golden Age” of Canadian Internationalism: 

3.1. The “Golden Age” of Canadian Internationalism Canada and the United Nations (Part II) The Birth of Peacekeeping The Suez Crisis (1956) and the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF I) Tip: Be sure to have a good sense of the rationales and motives for Canada’s involvement in UN peacekeeping. Are these rationales and motives still the same today?

3.2. New Directions, Old Challenges: 

3.2. New Directions, Old Challenges Diefenbaker and the end of the “Golden Age” Trade Diversification Human Rights and South Africa Immigration The Cuban Missile Crisis The Bomarc Controversy

3.2. New Directions, Old Challenges: 

3.2. New Directions, Old Challenges The Return of Pearson Trade Issues Vietnam Growing anti-US sentiment The Flag Thing

3.2. New Directions, Old Challenges: 

3.2. New Directions, Old Challenges The Trudeau Years Tip: Trudeau tried to take Canada on a different course in foreign policy. Think about the extent to which he succeeded or failed, and why. Are the constraints that limited Trudeau still relevant today?

3.2. New Directions, Old Challenges: 

3.2. New Directions, Old Challenges The Trudeau Years Challenging Canadian Internationalism “New guys with new ideas”

3.2. New Directions, Old Challenges: 

3.2. New Directions, Old Challenges The Trudeau Years The Foreign and Defence Policy Reviews “Foreign Policy for Canadians”

3.2. New Directions, Old Challenges: 

3.2. New Directions, Old Challenges “Foreign Policy for Canadians” (1970) Economic growth Social Justice Quality of Life Sovereignty and Independence Peace and Security Harmonious Natural Environment

3.2. New Directions, Old Challenges: 

3.2. New Directions, Old Challenges The Trudeau Years Policy changes…and reactions Europe and NATO The recognition of China The Commonwealth Immigration Development Relations with the US

3.2. New Directions, Old Challenges: 

3.2. New Directions, Old Challenges The Trudeau Years The “Third Option” Tip: The “third option” was one of the clearest and most famous examples of the counterweight strategy in Canadian foreign policy history. Could such an attempt to reduce Canadian dependence on the US be made today by any government?

3.2. New Directions, Old Challenges: 

3.2. New Directions, Old Challenges The Trudeau Years The return (1980-1984)

3.2. New Directions, Old Challenges: 

3.2. New Directions, Old Challenges The Trudeau Years A Pirouette?

3.3. The End of the Cold War: 

3.3. The End of the Cold War Brian Mulroney and “Constructive Internationalism” Free Trade Tip: What arguments for and against CUFTA could just as easily be made today if a government proposed a customs union or a “NAFTA-plus” with the US?

3.3. The End of the Cold War: 

3.3. The End of the Cold War The Argument for Free Trade The future health of the Canadian economy The MacDonald Royal Commission (1985) Secure Canadian access to the U.S. market Frustration with GATT Fear of an unregulated Canada-US trade relationship

3.3. The End of the Cold War: 

3.3. The End of the Cold War The Argument against Free Trade Negative impact on jobs Weaken Canadian economic sovereignty Threaten Canadian society Negative environmental implications

3.3. The End of the Cold War: 

3.3. The End of the Cold War Brian Mulroney and “Constructive Internationalism” Free Trade Security and Defence The 1987 White Paper on Defence

3.3. The End of the Cold War: 

3.3. The End of the Cold War Brian Mulroney and “Constructive Internationalism” Free Trade Security and Defence Development Policy Reform The Winegard Report (1987)

3.3. The End of the Cold War: 

3.3. The End of the Cold War Brian Mulroney and “Constructive Internationalism” Free Trade Security and Defence Development Policy Reform The Environment

3.3. The End of the Cold War: 

3.3. The End of the Cold War The Environment: a foreign policy issue UN Conference on the Human Environment (1972) Toronto Conference on the Changing Atmosphere (1988) Montreal Protocol (1988) Acid Rain and the Canada-US Air Quality Agreement (1991) Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992)

3.3. The End of the Cold War: 

3.3. The End of the Cold War Brian Mulroney and “Constructive Internationalism” Free Trade Security and Defence Development Policy Reform The Environment Opposing the U.S.

The End of the Cold War: 

The End of the Cold War Fall of the Berlin Wall (9 Nov. 1989) Collapse of Communist Regimes in CEE German Unification (3 Oct. 1990) Warsaw Pact Dissolves (1 Jul. 1991) USSR Disintegrates (31 Dec. 1991)

3.3. The End of the Cold War: 

3.3. The End of the Cold War The End of the Cold War The Impact on Canadian Foreign and Defence Policy: Continuity and Change

3.3. The End of the Cold War: 

3.3. The End of the Cold War CFP Under Pax Americana during the Cold War: Close relationship with US (economic, security) Multilateralism Europe and NATO UN and peacekeeping International Peace and Security (stability) Trade (exports) Soviet Threat

3.3. The End of the Cold War: 

3.3. The End of the Cold War The Canadian Government Response: Close relationship with US (NAFTA, NORAD Renewal) Multilateralism Stayed in NATO: withdrew stationed forces, supported enlargement, supported NATO peace operations in Balkans Increased involvement in UN/non-UN peacekeeping Maintained interest in International Peace and Security Attempted to increase exports (Team Canada, WTO) No direct military threat to Canada, but military still called upon to go overseas

3.3. The End of the Cold War: 

3.3. The End of the Cold War Tip: By now you should have finished the readings in PART I of the textbook and be familiar with the different models and frameworks used to describe and explain Canadian foreign policy. You should be well versed in the assumptions of these models and frameworks. Give some thought to which of the models you find most persuasive, and why.