Intro Marine

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Marine transportation is one of the four major forms of transportation in our society.

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Most of the transportation of goods and products in the 1800s was by marine forms of transportation. “…more than 18% of all U.S. goods is carried by water freight, not including the Great Lakes Waterways.” – Schwaller, 76

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Role of Shipping Improvements in hull design,navigational systems, and propulsion systems are being implemented. Ships are being built to longer lengths to hold more cargo. Older ships are being modified.

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Cost of Marine Transportation “Marine transportation is significantly less expensive than transportation of goods by trucks or trains, for example.” -Schwaller Fuel consumption, computed on a ton-mile gallon basis WATER RAIL TRUCK Ton-miles per gallon of fuel 500 200 60 Fuel consumption for transporting 15 million tons of iron ore from Duluth, Minnesota to Chicago, Illinois 24 million gallons 35 million gallons 123 million gallons

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The Universal Systems Model Applied to Marine Transportation Input- Command to transport passengers or freight Process- Marine vehicle moving passenger or freight Output – Passengers or freight delivered to destination, pollution, depletion of natural resources Feedback- Navigational aids, speed control steering

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Nomenclature Special Note- The terms “her” and “she” are used with reference to boats because of their historical and traditional significance.

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Aft- The aft is the rear area of the ship. Beam- The beam is the breadth of a vessel at its widest point. Bilge- The bilge is the lower part of the boat or ship below the floor, near the center. It is the point on the bottom of the ship or boat upon which she will rest when on ground. It is also where any internal water will collect inside the hull. Bulkhead- The bulkhead is defined as the vertical wall dividing the hull into separate compartments.

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Buoyancy- A body partially or completed immersed in water is said to be buoyed up or in a state of buoyancy. It is sustained by a force equal to the fluid being displaced. Example: Cork and wood float because they are lighter than water. Metal is denser so a one-pound chunk of metal would sink. BUT…if the metal is shaped into a thin shallow bowl it will float. This is because it is now presenting a larger surface area to the water. The larger surface area displaces more water- one pound of water. A force equal to the weight of the displaced water is buoying up the metal bowl.

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Buoyancy Continued The forces of buoyancy and gravity work against each other to stabilize the ship or craft. The water pushes up all around on the submerged hull. The total push acts as a single upward buoyant force shown as B(buoyancy). The downward force of gravity is equal to the weight of the ship and everything in it. The total force G (gravity) is exerted at approximately the center of the ship. Diagram Next slide These two forces and their position help to make a vessel either stable or unstable. A stable ship is able to return to the upright position after being tilted on its side. An unstable ship will not be able to return as easily to the upright position. *The position of the load can cause a boat to be unstable.

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Buoyancy Diagram

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Cavitation- is the implosion of bubbles on the back edge of propeller blades caused by a partial vacuum which can occur while the blades are turning. Bow- the bow of the boat is considered the front of the craft. Cuddy- A cabin in the ship or boat is called a cuddy. On new boats, the cuddy is at the front of the vessel, usually the bow. Dock- The area of the water in a port or harbor totally enclosed by piers is known as the dock.

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Draft- The vertical distance from the waterline to the keel is called the ship’s draft. The draft is an indication of how much water is displaced by the hull. Heavier boats have a greater draft than light boats. The greater the draft the more energy required to move the vehicle. Large ocean-going vessels have draft marks placed on them to measure depth during loading. Diagram next slide

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Diagram Showing Draft

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Dry Bulk- Freight that is usually dry. Things such as grain, coal, salt, and gypsum. Fore- reference to the front of the ship. Fore is also used to define certain sails on a boat, ie “fore” or “aft” sail. Gunwale- The gunwale is the top of any rail on a boat or vessel.

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Hull- the main body of a vessel, not including the upper parts such as the mast. The hull is considered the sides and bottom of the boat. There are two typically two types of hulls: displacement hull and planing hull. Displacement hulls are designed to carry heavy loads. Planing hulls are designed to ride on the top of the water. Planing hulls are being designed to be more efficient. Also, some manufacturers are using a sequential lift hull which is designed to redistribute lifting forces with each change in hull speed. This results in less wetted surface and less drag which produces greater engine efficiency.

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Intercoastal – intercoastal shipping is marine transportation that takes place between coastal regions. Intracoastal- Intracoastal shipping is marine transportation that takes places within a specific coastal region or area. Intermodal- Intermodal refers to that of using more than one form of transportation mode to move freight or products. (From factory by truck, to railroad, to harbor, to another harbor, to destination by truck.)

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Keel- The lowest continuous line on the bottom of a ship or boat is called the keel. Typically, the keel is made of a metal or timber form (runner) extending along the centerline of the bottom of the vessel. Moor- The condition of a boat when she lies in a harbor, or when she is anchored using two anchors.

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Pitch- Pitch is used to refer to two things: The term pitch is used to indicate the angle of the ship when a wave lifts the bow and then, after passing under the boat, lifts her stern. Pitch is also used to indicate the angle of the blades of the propeller. The pitch is a measure of the distance a propeller moves forward during each revolution. The lower the pitch, the more pulling power, but the less top speed. The greater the pitch, the higher the top speed, but the lower the pulling power.

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PITCH Lower pitch = More pulling power Less top speed More pitch = Lower pulling power Higher top speed The measure of the distance the propeller moves forward during each revolution.

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Knot – A nautical measure o f speed. (like mph) Poop Deck- A term used to describe any raised deck near the aft or stern of the boat. Port- The name for the left-handed side of the ship as viewed from the rear, stern, or aft of the vessel. Quarterdeck- The part of the upper aft or stern deck on the deck that is usually reserved for the captain. It is the part of the deck form which the boat is commanded.

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Roll- A term used to indicate the oscillation motion of a vessel from side to side. Rudder- A device on a ship or vessel to steer or control the direction while under way. The rudder usually resembles a large blade placed in the stern of the vessel. As the rudder is turned the boat turns. Starboard- The right-hand side of the vessel as viewed from the aft or stern section.

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Stern- The stern is the term used to refer to the rear of the vessel. Tramp- Tramp refers to a type of cargo-carrying vessel that does not work on a regular route. It is able to carry cargo to any destination as required. Yaw- Yaw is the deviation a ship takes from its intended course. Yaw can be caused by wind or water currents. Captains try to compensate for yaw in order to keep their vessel on course.

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St. Lawrence Seaway- is an international waterway extending from the Atlantic Ocean to Duluth, Minnesota. More than 50 nations (such as Belgium, France, Greece, India, Italy, Liberia, Norway, Panama, United Kingdom, Russia, and Yugoslavia)use this seaway for freight shipping. The total distance is 2,342 miles or 8 days of travel time. The water level drops 602 feet from Duluth, Minnesota to the Atlantic Ocean. Locks are used to aid in this process. The seaway is used to transport products such as grain, coal, iron ore, and gypsum. There are many port cities along the seaway for loading and unloading cargo and freight.

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Inland and Coastal Waterways The U.S. has another 25,380 miles of navigable inland and coastal channels in addition to the St. Lawrence Seaway. At least 38 states can be serviced by marine transportation. Most of these waterways were federal projects.

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International Waterways- These are routes used for international shipping. Major routes are among the U.S., South America, Africa, Europe and other countries. These routes are very exact, so the vessels using them must follow a predetermined shipping lane or route for safety purposes.