logging in or signing up 10 Predation Hannah Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 159 Category: Entertainment License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (0) Added: January 01, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript Predation (Chapter 18): Predation (Chapter 18) Predator-prey cycles Models of predation Functional vs. numeric responses Stability in predator-prey modelsTwo big themes:: Two big themes: Predators can limit prey populations. This keeps populations below K.Slide3: Predator and prey populations increase and decrease in regular cycles.Slide6: A verbal model of predator-prey cycles: Predators eat prey and reduce their numbers Predators go hungry and decline in number With fewer predators, prey survive better and increase Increasing prey populations allow predators to increase And repeat…Slide7: Why don’t predators increase at the same time as the prey?Slide8: The Lotka-Volterra Model: Assumptions Prey grow exponentially in the absence of predators. Predation is directly proportional to the product of prey and predator abundances (random encounters). Predator populations grow based on the number of prey. Death rates are independent of prey abundance.Slide9: R = prey population size (“resource”) P = predator population size r = exponential growth rate of the prey c = capture efficiency of the predatorsSlide10: rate of change in the prey population intrinsic growth rate of the prey removal of prey by predatorsSlide11: For the predators: a = efficiency with which prey are converted into predators d = death rate of predators rate of change in the predator population conversion of prey into new predators death rate of predatorsSlide12: Prey population reaches equilibrium when dR/dt = 0 equilibrium – state of balance between opposing forces populations at equilibrium do not change Prey population stabilizes based on the size of the predator populationSlide13: Predator population reaches equilibrium when dP/dt = 0 Predator population stabilizes based on the size of the prey populationSlide14: Isocline – a line along which populations will not change over time. Predator numbers will stay constant if R = d/ac Prey numbers will stay constant if P = r/c.Slide15: Number of prey (R) Number of Predators (P) Predators are stable when: Prey are stable when:Slide16: Number of prey (R) Number of Predators (P) d/ac r/c Prey Isocline Prey are stable when:Slide17: Number of prey (R) Number of Predators (P) d/ac Predator isocline Predators are stable when: Slide18: Number of prey (R) Number of Predators (P) d/ac r/c equilibriumPredation (Chapter 18): Predation (Chapter 18) Finish Lotka-Volterra model Functional vs. numeric responses Stability in predator-prey cyclesSlide20: Number of prey (R) Number of Predators (P) d/ac Number of predators depends on the prey population. Predator isocline Predators increase Predators decreaseSlide21: Number of prey (R) Number of Predators (P) d/ac r/c Prey Isocline Prey increase Prey decrease Number of prey depends on the predator population.Slide24: Changing the number of prey can cause 2 types of responses: Functional response – relationship between an individual predator’s food consumption and the density of prey Numeric response – change in the population of predators in response to prey availability Slide25: Lotka-Volterra: prey are consumed in direct proportion to their availability (cRP term) known as Type I functional response predators never satiate! no limit on the growth rate of predators! Slide26: Type II functional response – consumption rate increases at first, but eventually predators satiate (upper limit on consumption rate)Slide27: Type III functional response – consumption rate is low at low prey densities, increases, and then reaches an upper limitSlide28: Why type III functional response? at low densities, prey may be able to hide, but at higher densities hiding spaces fill up predators may be more efficient at capturing more common prey predators may switch prey species as they become more/less abundantSlide30: Numeric response comes from Population growth (though most predator populations grow slowly) Immigration predator populations may be attracted to prey outbreaksSlide33: Predator-prey cycles can be unstable efficient predators can drive prey to extinction if the population moves away from the equilibrium, there is no force pulling the populations back to equilibrium eventually random oscillations will drive one or both species to extinctionSlide35: Factors promoting stability in predator-prey relationships Inefficient predators (prey escaping) less efficient predators (lower c) allow more prey to survive more living prey support more predators Outside factors limit populations higher d for predators lower r for prey Slide36: Alternative food sources for the predator less pressure on prey populations Refuges from predation at low prey densities prevents prey populations from falling too low Rapid numeric response of predators to changes in prey population Slide37: Huffaker’s experiment on predator-prey coexistence 2 mite species, predator and preySlide38: Initial experiments – predators drove prey extinct then went extinct themselves Adding barriers to dispersal allowed predators and prey to coexist.Slide39: Refuges from predation allow predator and prey to coexist.Slide40: Density of prey population Per capita population growth rate K ro Population growth curve for logistic population growth Prey population outbreaksSlide41: Density of prey population Per capita death rate K Type III functional response curve for predatorsSlide42: Multiple stable states are possible.Slide43: Below A – birth rate > death rate; population increases ASlide44: Point A – stable equilibrium; population increases below A and decreases above A ASlide45: Between A & B – predators reduce population back to A A BSlide46: Unstable equilibrium – equilibrium point from which a population will move to a new, different equilibrium if disturbed Slide47: Point B – unstable equilibrium; below B, predation reduces population to A; above B, predators are less efficient, so population grows to C BSlide48: Between B & C – predators are less efficient, prey increase up to C BSlide49: Point C – stable equilibrium BSlide50: Predator-prey systems can have multiple stable states Reducing the number of predators can lead to an outbreak of prey Slide51: Growth rate Death rate You do not have the permission to view this presentation. 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10 Predation Hannah Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 159 Category: Entertainment License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (0) Added: January 01, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript Predation (Chapter 18): Predation (Chapter 18) Predator-prey cycles Models of predation Functional vs. numeric responses Stability in predator-prey modelsTwo big themes:: Two big themes: Predators can limit prey populations. This keeps populations below K.Slide3: Predator and prey populations increase and decrease in regular cycles.Slide6: A verbal model of predator-prey cycles: Predators eat prey and reduce their numbers Predators go hungry and decline in number With fewer predators, prey survive better and increase Increasing prey populations allow predators to increase And repeat…Slide7: Why don’t predators increase at the same time as the prey?Slide8: The Lotka-Volterra Model: Assumptions Prey grow exponentially in the absence of predators. Predation is directly proportional to the product of prey and predator abundances (random encounters). Predator populations grow based on the number of prey. Death rates are independent of prey abundance.Slide9: R = prey population size (“resource”) P = predator population size r = exponential growth rate of the prey c = capture efficiency of the predatorsSlide10: rate of change in the prey population intrinsic growth rate of the prey removal of prey by predatorsSlide11: For the predators: a = efficiency with which prey are converted into predators d = death rate of predators rate of change in the predator population conversion of prey into new predators death rate of predatorsSlide12: Prey population reaches equilibrium when dR/dt = 0 equilibrium – state of balance between opposing forces populations at equilibrium do not change Prey population stabilizes based on the size of the predator populationSlide13: Predator population reaches equilibrium when dP/dt = 0 Predator population stabilizes based on the size of the prey populationSlide14: Isocline – a line along which populations will not change over time. Predator numbers will stay constant if R = d/ac Prey numbers will stay constant if P = r/c.Slide15: Number of prey (R) Number of Predators (P) Predators are stable when: Prey are stable when:Slide16: Number of prey (R) Number of Predators (P) d/ac r/c Prey Isocline Prey are stable when:Slide17: Number of prey (R) Number of Predators (P) d/ac Predator isocline Predators are stable when: Slide18: Number of prey (R) Number of Predators (P) d/ac r/c equilibriumPredation (Chapter 18): Predation (Chapter 18) Finish Lotka-Volterra model Functional vs. numeric responses Stability in predator-prey cyclesSlide20: Number of prey (R) Number of Predators (P) d/ac Number of predators depends on the prey population. Predator isocline Predators increase Predators decreaseSlide21: Number of prey (R) Number of Predators (P) d/ac r/c Prey Isocline Prey increase Prey decrease Number of prey depends on the predator population.Slide24: Changing the number of prey can cause 2 types of responses: Functional response – relationship between an individual predator’s food consumption and the density of prey Numeric response – change in the population of predators in response to prey availability Slide25: Lotka-Volterra: prey are consumed in direct proportion to their availability (cRP term) known as Type I functional response predators never satiate! no limit on the growth rate of predators! Slide26: Type II functional response – consumption rate increases at first, but eventually predators satiate (upper limit on consumption rate)Slide27: Type III functional response – consumption rate is low at low prey densities, increases, and then reaches an upper limitSlide28: Why type III functional response? at low densities, prey may be able to hide, but at higher densities hiding spaces fill up predators may be more efficient at capturing more common prey predators may switch prey species as they become more/less abundantSlide30: Numeric response comes from Population growth (though most predator populations grow slowly) Immigration predator populations may be attracted to prey outbreaksSlide33: Predator-prey cycles can be unstable efficient predators can drive prey to extinction if the population moves away from the equilibrium, there is no force pulling the populations back to equilibrium eventually random oscillations will drive one or both species to extinctionSlide35: Factors promoting stability in predator-prey relationships Inefficient predators (prey escaping) less efficient predators (lower c) allow more prey to survive more living prey support more predators Outside factors limit populations higher d for predators lower r for prey Slide36: Alternative food sources for the predator less pressure on prey populations Refuges from predation at low prey densities prevents prey populations from falling too low Rapid numeric response of predators to changes in prey population Slide37: Huffaker’s experiment on predator-prey coexistence 2 mite species, predator and preySlide38: Initial experiments – predators drove prey extinct then went extinct themselves Adding barriers to dispersal allowed predators and prey to coexist.Slide39: Refuges from predation allow predator and prey to coexist.Slide40: Density of prey population Per capita population growth rate K ro Population growth curve for logistic population growth Prey population outbreaksSlide41: Density of prey population Per capita death rate K Type III functional response curve for predatorsSlide42: Multiple stable states are possible.Slide43: Below A – birth rate > death rate; population increases ASlide44: Point A – stable equilibrium; population increases below A and decreases above A ASlide45: Between A & B – predators reduce population back to A A BSlide46: Unstable equilibrium – equilibrium point from which a population will move to a new, different equilibrium if disturbed Slide47: Point B – unstable equilibrium; below B, predation reduces population to A; above B, predators are less efficient, so population grows to C BSlide48: Between B & C – predators are less efficient, prey increase up to C BSlide49: Point C – stable equilibrium BSlide50: Predator-prey systems can have multiple stable states Reducing the number of predators can lead to an outbreak of prey Slide51: Growth rate Death rate