Male

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INTERSTITIAL CELLS SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE PENIS SEMINAL VESICLE PROSTATE RETE TESTIS TUBULUS RECTUS EFFERENT DUCT EPIDIDYMIS DUCTUS DEFERENS BULBOURETHRAL GLAND urethra MALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT

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STRUCTURES OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PITUITARY HYPOTHALAMUS INTERSTITIAL CELLS SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE SEMINAL VESICLE PROSTATE RETE TESTIS TUBULUS RECTUS EFFERENT DUCT EPIDIDYMIS DUCTUS DEFERENS BULBOURETHRAL GLAND urethra

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ROLES OF MALE STRUCTURES 1 INTERSTITIAL CELLS SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE PENIS SEMINAL VESICLE PROSTATE RETE TESTIS TUBULUS RECTUS EFFERENT DUCT EPIDIDYMIS DUCTUS DEFERENS BULBOURETHRAL GLAND urethra a) Spermatozoa formation with (i) adequate numbers (ii) continuous formation (iii) reduced chromosome # (iv) genetic variety (v) differentiation for motility b) Fluid secretion a) Sperm maturation (i) become motile (ii) can almost fertilize andamp; (iii) adapt metabolism b) Fluid reabsorption Sperm acceleration at ejaculation

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ROLES OF MALE STRUCTURES 2 INTERSTITIAL CELLS SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE SEMINAL VESICLE PROSTATE RETE TESTIS TUBULUS RECTUS EFFERENT DUCT EPIDIDYMIS DUCTUS DEFERENS BULBOURETHRAL GLAND urethra Secretes: (i) seminogelin (ii) fructose (iii) prostaglandins Secretes: (i) PSA protease (ii) acid phosphatase (iii) citric acid Secretes mucus for urethral lubrication PSA - Prostate-Specific Antigen

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Secretes: (i) seminogelin (ii) fructose (iii) prostaglandins SEMINAL VESICLE PROSTATE Secretes: (i) PSA protease (ii) acid phosphatase (iii) citric acid BULBOURETHRAL GLAND Secretes mucus for urethral lubrication a) temporary rigidity andamp; protrusion b) rewarding andamp; ejaculation- triggering stimuli ROLES 3

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PENIS in X-section Tunica albuginea Superficial dorsal vein Buck’s fascia Skin Corpus cavernosum - trabeculae of smooth muscle andamp; CT separate blood sinus spaces = ERECTILE TISSUE Urethra Corpus spongiosum urethrae also erectile Helicine arteries Veins Autonomic andamp; sensory nerves

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ERECTILE TISSUE Trabeculae of smooth muscle andamp; CT separate endothelium-lined blood sinus spaces Mucous glands of Littre may empty into urethra Urethra filling of spaces needs relaxation of muscle

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ERECTION FLACCID STATE Contracted cavernous trabeculae Veins open andamp; dilated? Arteries constricted Blood pressure Blood volume Arteries dilated Veins compressed (andamp; constricted?) Cavernosa trabeculae relaxed Helicine arteries extended Restraining T albuginea

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ERECTION - Problems Arterial inflow not fast enough to 'snap shut' the venous outflow vessels Arteries subject to peripheral vascular disease, e.g., diabetes Parasympathetic signaling is complicated, with many transmitters Nerves andamp; plexuses run close to prostate, bladder andamp; rectum - surgery on any of these can easily cause impotence Inflammation andamp; fibrosis in C cavernosa If you unseat the tire on your car wheel by hitting the curb, only the gas-station air-line can inject air fast enough to reseat the tire on the rim.

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BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER I SERTOLI CELL TIGHT JUNCTIONS Primary ENDOTHELIAL -CELL JUNCTIONS Secondary TESTIS COMPARTMENT (protected) BASAL LAMINA Tertiary

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BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER II SERTOLI CELL TIGHT JUNCTIONS TESTIS LUMINAL COMPARTMENT protects developing gametes from immune attack andamp; allows the concentration of testosterone by Androgen-Binding Protein (ABP) Luminal* compartment basal/ abluminal * Luminal/ adluminal compartment

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BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER III SERTOLI-CELL TIGHT JUNCTIONS disassemble andamp; reassemble BARRIER is carefully controlled to allow the passsage of 10 spermatocytes from basal to adluminal compartments Adluminal compartment basal

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BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER IV Siu MKY et al. Adhering junction dynamics in the testis. Endocrinology 2003;144:2141-2163 The germ cells attach with labile specialized adherens junctions to the Sertoli cells Adluminal compartment basal

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layered SPERMATOGENIC CELLS SPERMATOZOON SPERMATOGONIUM EARLY SPERMATID LATE SPERMATID SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTE PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTE DNA synthesis Meiosis I Meiosis II Spermiogenesis Mitosis (8 hours) (2 weeks) each DNA + DNA each DNA each DNA/2 Di Ha

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SPERMATOZOON HEAD TAIL (flagellum) NECK middle piece Acrosome for digesting zona pellucida Membrane for recognizing andamp; attaching to Z p start of Axoneme -microtubular core of tail Mitochondria as a spiral sheath coarse Fibrous sheath principal piece end piece highly condensed Nucleus

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SPERMATOZOON HEAD NECK Acrosome for digesting zona pellucida Membrane for recognizing andamp; attaching to Z p condensed Nucleus: haploid chromosome #; DNA + special packing proteins - protamines; becomes pro-nucleus after fertilization Mitochondria for motor power coarse Fibrous sheath

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SPERMIOGENESIS Golgi deposits vesicles into acrosome Nuclear materials condense andamp; elongate Mitochondria make a sheath Centrioles move to establish microtubular axoneme Cytoskeletal reorganization Surplus cytoplasm shed as residual body - phagocytosed by Sertoli cell, which encloses andamp; controls all this activity and transformation Golgi deposits receptors into membrane SERTOLI CELL

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SPERMIOGENESIS II The process proceeds in phases: polarity establishment, elongation, andamp; maturation Golgi deposits vesicles into acrosome Nuclear materials condense andamp; elongate Mitochondria make a sheath Centrioles move to establish microtubular axoneme Cytoskeletal reorganization Golgi deposits receptors into membrane The MANCHETTE is another special array of microtubules, attached by a ring to the nuclear membrane at the rear of the acrosome and extending posteriorly. It slides back, and then disassembles during maturation. Does it shape the nucleus?

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SPERM TAIL IN CROSS-SECTION: for COARSE FIBROUS SHEATH of Longitudinal columns Transverse ribs (Axoneme) microtubules Coarse fibers middle piece principal piece end piece CAUTION: order

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MALE PARENTAL REQUIREMENTS A job that: a) pays enough b) carries health insurance c) allows family time Copulatory competence (one deficiency is erectile dysfunction) Fertility* - High enough numbers? Properly differentiated sperm? Right secretions Genetically sound gametes originates majority of damaging chromosomal conversions *Risk factors for infertility: undescended testis (cryptorchidism); high scrotal temperature; infections; varicocele; trauma; irradiation; pesticide exposure

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MALE HORMONES GnRH - Hypothalamic Gonadotrophic releasing hormone/Factor (responding to androgen level in hypothalamic blood) FSH - Pituitary Follicle-Stimulating Hormone ANDROGENS - Testicular (andamp; ) Testosterone, Androstenedione, Dihydrotestosterone, etc LH - Pituitary Luteinizing hormone/ Interstitial-cell stimulating Hormone Prolactin , Inhibin, etc, omitted

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HORMONES PITUITARY GONADOTROPHS HYPOTHALAMIC NEURONS INTERSTITIAL CELLS SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE PENIS SEMINAL VESICLE BULBOURETHRAL GLAND urethra Androgens Courtship andamp; Coital behaviors GnRH FSH LH 1 2 3 4 5 Secondary sexual characters 6 7 Somatic growth andamp; metabolism

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1 Stimulate spermatogenesis 2 Develop andamp; maintain ducts 3 Develop andamp; stimulate accessory glands 4 Develop andamp; maintain penis 5 Develop andamp; maintain secondary sexual characters, e.g., beard 6 Act on hypothalamus for libido andamp; courtship behaviors 7 Stimulate general somatic growth andamp; metabolism - anabolic role Roles of androgens andamp; metabolites

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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM - Events Production, maturation, andamp; storage of spermatozoa Rapid ejaculation into the woman of sperm + supporting materials from accessory glands Production of male sex hormone to promote spermatogenesis, andamp; prime glands, body andamp; brain for their appropriate sexual roles Appropropriate timing by nervous andamp; endocrine integrations

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TRACT DUCTUS DEFERENS SEMINAL VESICLE URINARY BLADDER PROSTATE BULBOURETHRAL GLAND GLANS Corpus cavernosum Corpus spongiosum URETHRA Pr Trans Me Pe Strat /Pseud columnar ep Strat squamous SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE TUBULUS RECTUS EFFERENT DUCTS Ejaculatory duct PENIS EPIDIDYMIS

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MEDIASTINUM TESTIS Connective tissue framework TUNICA ALBUGINEA Visceral Tunica vaginalis SEPTA/Septula Thick knot/nub of CT in which rete spaces lie Lobular space for seminiferous tubules

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SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE Peritubular myoid cells LEYDIG INTERSTITIAL CELLS Acidophil Much smooth ER Lipid droplets Crystals of Reinke SERTOLI CELLS layered SPERMATOGENIC CELLS { stratified germinal epithelium BASAL LAMINA

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GOALS OF SPERMATOGENESIS Produce high number, over andamp; over - stem cells andamp; much mitosis Vary genetic makeup of sperm - meiotic divisions Convert typical cells to specialized sperm - spermiogenesis Distribute activities over time andamp; space - different phases of activity in various parts of each seminiferous tubule

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layered SPERMATOGENIC CELLS SPERMATOZOON SPERMATOGONIUM EARLY SPERMATIDS LATE SPERMATIDS SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTES PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTE Meiosis I Meiosis II Spermiogenesis Mitosis (8 hours) (2 weeks) Separation andamp; release

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Sertoli-cell nucleus - elongated, prominent nucleolus SERTOLI CELL organizes, supports, andamp; controls spermatogenesis, forms B-T barrier, phagocytoses SPERMATOGONIA for mitosis; 3 types; one with a stem-cell role 1o SPERMATOCYTES for meiosis I; live up to 16 days 2o SPERMATOCYTES for meiosis II; brief life, thus rarely seen EARLY SPERMATIDS LATE SPERMATIDS SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE

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EFFERENT DUCTS uneven SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM circular smooth muscle short secretory andamp; absorptive cells EFFERENT DUCTS tall ciliated cells RETE TESTIS EPIDIDYMIS

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EDIDIDYMIS even PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM smooth muscle short basal cells tall cells with clumped stereocilia only one, but coiled = repeating profiles maturing Sperm

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DUCTUS DEFERENS ADVENTITIA connecting to other structures of spermatic cord pseudostratified EPITHELIUM like epididymis’ Thick 3-layered MUSCULARIS int. longitudinal middle circular out. longitudinal most muscular tube in the body Small star-shaped lumen

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SEMINAL VESICLE Highly folded andamp; outpouching T MUCOSA with irregular pale 'simple' columnar epithelium coiled = repeating profiles

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PROSTATE GLAND I Main ALVEOLI - wide, with irregular epithelial lining URETHRA EJACULATORY DUCTS DUCT - one of many STROMA of collagen andamp; smooth muscle, making the prostate a self-squeezing gland CAPSULE CONCRETION - round, layered

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PROSTATE GLAND II Main ALVEOLI - irregular epithelial lining URETHRA EJACULATORY DUCTS empty at hillock called the VERUMONTANUM Capsule is important in restraining the spread of cancer CAPSULE tall, pale, non-mucous cells; some basal cells Peri-urethral stroma andamp; glands - site of BPH

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McNeal’s ZONES OF PROSTATE Lateral view Urethra FIBROUS STROMA TRANSITIONAL ZONE TZ CENTRAL ZONE Ejaculatory duct CENTRAL ZONE Transverse cut PERIPHERAL ZONE

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STATE LICENSE-PLATE MOTTOES N Carolina 'First in Flight' Prostate 'First in Ejaculation' 1st PROSTATE 2nd DUCTUS DEFERENS 3rd SEMINAL VESICLE 4th B. CAVERNOSUS Before ejaculation (during arousal), contraction of mucous bulbo-urethral gland occurs - oiling the barrel.

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WABeresford

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STRUCTURES OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PITUITARY HYPOTHALAMUS INTERSTITIAL CELLS SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE PENIS SEMINAL VESICLE BULBOURETHRAL GLAND urethra N.B. Not to scale; branchings not shown; relationships changed

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HORMONES PITUITARY GONADOTROPHS HYPOTHALAMIC NEURONS INTERSTITIAL CELLS SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE urethra ANDROGENS Courtship andamp; Coital behaviors GnRH FSH LH TESTIS DUCTS ACCESSORY GLANDS PENIS Somatic growth andamp; metabolism Secondary sexual characters

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a) Spermatozoa formation with (i) adequate numbers (ii) continuous formation (iii) reduced chromosome # (iv) genetic variety (v) differentiation for motility, etc b) Fluid secretion a) Sperm maturation (i) become motile (ii) can fertilize (iii) adapt metabolism b) Fluid reabsorption Sperm acceleration at ejaculation SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE EFFERENT DUCT andamp; EPIDIDYMIS DUCTUS DEFERENS