NS102 17 S07 Containment1953 63

NS 102 - Sea Powerand Maritime Affairs: 

NS 102 - Sea Power and Maritime Affairs Lesson 17: The US Navy in the Strategy of Containment, 1953-1963

The Cold War, 1945-1992: 

The Cold War, 1945-1992 Berlin (1961-1963) Cuba (1962-1963) Dominican Republic (1965-1966) Lebanon (1958) Quemoy and Matsu Islands (1958-1963) Taiwan Straits (1958-1959) Korea (1966- 1974) Congo ( 1960-1962) Congo (1964) Laos (1961-1962) Vietnam (1958-1965) Cambodia (Mar 1973 – Aug 1973) Thailand (Mar 1973 - Aug 1973) Cambodia Evacuation (OP Eagle Pull) ( Apr 1975) Vietnam Evacuation (Op Frequent Wind) (Apr 1975) Mayaquez OP (May 1975) El Salvador (Approved by Congress) (Jan 1981 - Feb 1992) Lebanon (Jun 1983 - Dec 1987) Grenada (OP Urgent Fury) (Oct 1983 - Nov 1983) Libya (OP Eldorado Canyon) (Apr 1986) Persian Gulf (OP Ernest Will) Jul 1987 - Aug 1990) Panama (OP Just Cause) (Dec 1989 - Jan 1990) Somalia (OP Restore Hope) (03 Dec 1992 - 31 Mar 1995) Haiti (OP Uphold Democray) (Sep 1994 - Mar 1993) Persian Gulf/Iraq (OP Southern Watch) (Dec 1993 - TBD)

Strategic Blueprint: NSC 68: 

Strategic Blueprint: NSC 68 “We must, by means of a rapid and sustained build-up of the political, economic, and military strength of the free world, and by means of an affirmative program intended to wrest the initiative from the Soviet Union, confront it with convincing evidence of the determination and ability of the free world to frustrate the Kremlin design of a world dominated by its will.”

Evolving Missions : 

Evolving Missions Budget battles USAF Strategic Air Command (SAC) - 1946 Naval nuclear capability and strategic mission develops during 1950s Carriers and SSBNs Triad strategy = USN + USAF Single Integrated Operations Plan (SIOP) - 1960

USS Forrestal(CVA-59) 1st Attack Carrier: 

USS Forrestal (CVA-59) 1st Attack Carrier

USS Nautilus (SSN-571): 

USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

PolarisSubmarine-LaunchedBallistic Missile(SLBM): 

Polaris Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM)

Slide8: 

USS Long Beach (CGN-9)

Slide9: 

USS George Washington (SSBN-598)

USS Enterprise (CVAN-65): 

USS Enterprise (CVAN-65)

AdmiralHyman G. Rickover: 

Admiral Hyman G. Rickover “Father” of the Nuclear Navy

AdmiralArleigh Burke: 

Admiral Arleigh Burke CNO 1955-1961

Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW): 

Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) Soviet sub threat Hunter Killer Groups (HUKs) Helos SSNs replace HUKs. Maritime patrol aircraft Underwater Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) November Class, 1958

U.S. Worldwide Naval Presence: 

U.S. Worldwide Naval Presence Strategy of containment Backed by threat of force Peacetime presence Modulated force Permanent overseas Fleets Marine Corps Army and Air Force

U.S. Worldwide Naval Presence: 

U.S. Worldwide Naval Presence Numbered fleets Second Fleet Atlantic Third Fleet Eastern Pacific Sixth Fleet Mediterranean Seventh Fleet Western Pacific/Indian Ocean Fifth Fleet Arabian Gulf (1995)

Action: Indochina: 

Japanese occupation 1945: Democratic Republic of Vietnam 1947: War for independence begins Vietminh communists vs. French U.S. Support to France Domino theory Action: Indochina

Action: Indochina: 

1954: Dien Bien Phu No USN carrier strikes Operation “Passage to Freedom” SEATO established Vietnam divided U.S. military advisors to South Vietnam Action: Indochina

Action: Suez Crisis, 1956: 

Action: Suez Crisis, 1956 Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal - 1956 Britain+France+Israel attack Soviet Union - aligned with Egypt Weak navy U.S. diplomatic pressure 6th Fleet U.N. cease-fire Eisenhower Doctrine - 1957 6th Flt Ops, Late 1950s

Action: Lebanon Crisis, 1958: 

Action: Lebanon Crisis, 1958 1957: “Sputnik” 1958: Lebanese Civil War Communists supported by Syria 6,000 Marines land at Beirut Army? Air Force? Sixth Fleet dominates the Med Soviet Navy?

JohnFitzgerald Kennedy: 

John Fitzgerald Kennedy Elected President in 1960

1960: The Cold War Heats Up: 

1960: The Cold War Heats Up The “Space Race” The “Missile Gap” U-2 Incident - 1960 Khrushchev: “We will bury you!” Berlin Wall - 1961: Kennedy: “Ich bin ein Berliner” - 1963 1961, Soviet Tanks face off against US Tanks at Check point Charlie

CastroandKhrushchev: 

Castro and Khrushchev

Cuban Missile Crisis: 

Cuban Missile Crisis

Cuban Missile CrisisOct 1962: 

Cuban Missile Crisis Oct 1962

Cuban Missile Crisis: 

Cuban Missile Crisis 1961: “Bay of Pigs” Invasion 1962: Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba Options for President Kennedy Diplomacy? Air strikes? Invasion too risky - may start war? Naval Blockade or “Quarantine”? Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles

Cuban Missile Crisis: Analysis: 

Cuban Missile Crisis: Analysis “Conventional engagement” No fleet action; no hostilities Small ships on station Implied force: no attack carriers directly involved Soviets had no symmetrical forces to oppose USN Khrushchev and Kennedy: crucial personal roles Soviets review naval policies Sub-based policy not adequate for global ambitions Need balanced, 3D Navy

Extra Slides: 

Extra Slides

PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower: 

President Dwight D. Eisenhower Elected 1952 Administration increases military funding after the Korean War.

Ships were routinely armed with Nuclear Weapons: 

Ships were routinely armed with Nuclear Weapons The RIM-8 Talos was a 38’long 50-60nm range weapon with both conventional and nuclear warheads The Standard ER, 40nm also had nuclear versions The ASROC ASW weapon had a nuclear depth bomb variant Talos Standard ER Terrier

Regulus Missile: 

Regulus Missile - Program cancelled by 1964.

Dien Bien Phu: 

Dien Bien Phu At Dien Bien Phu the French violated nearly all of the principles of war at every level of war-- strategic, operational, and tactical. These violations contributed significantly to the French defeat. They parachuted into a remote valley, hoping to win a battle of attrition supplied solely by air and heavily dependant on air support. The Vietnamese cut roads for resupply, moved artillery up hills thought by the French to be impassable, and surrounded the area with anti-aircraft guns. This plus the onset of the monsoon season cut off the French forces from resupply and the French lost the elite of their forces (paratroops and French Foreign legion). The French did not have enough airlift before the operation to meet the basic Requirements. However they did airdrop Wine and the Foreign legion brothel

Nikita Khrushchev: 

Nikita Khrushchev Succeeded Stalin as Soviet premier after his death in 1953. Proposed “peaceful competition” between the superpowers. Challenged U.S. to meet Communist challenges in third world countries.

U-2: 

U-2

Fidel Castro: 

Fidel Castro Leader of Cuban Revolution against U.S.-supported President Batista in 1959. Establishes Communist government aligned with the Soviet Union.