The Architecture of Unusual Things: The Architecture of Unusual Things Grady Booch IBM Fellow gbooch@us.ibm.com


The Limits of Software: The Limits of Software The laws of physics The laws of software The challenge of algorithms The difficulty of distribution The problems of design The importance of organization The impact of economics The influence of politics The limits of human imagination


Software Development as a Human Activity: Software Development as a Human Activity Some designers are equally inept at following rules or breaking them. Good designers can do either. Jim Alley Savannah College of Art and Design


Some Unusual Things: Some Unusual Things


Lessons Learned: Lessons Learned Everything has an architecture


The Architecture of Eric: The Architecture of Eric The human body is composed of ten interdependent systems Skeletal Muscular Circulatory Nervous Respiratory Digestive Excretory Endocrine Reproductive Immune Each such system is composed of a network of interacting tissues and organs Every class of tissue and organ is composed of a unique collection of cell types Over 200 types of cells exist, varying greatly in appearance, lifespan, and function Every cell is composed of organelles Dennis and Gallagher, 2003, The Human Genome, Nature Publishing Group


The Architecture of Eric: The Architecture of Eric Multi-cellular organisms rely upon intercellular signaling molecules to coordinate the functions of different cells http://receptome.stanford.edu/hpmr/


The Architecture of Eric: The Architecture of Eric Every cell type, tissue, organ, and subsystem is ultimately regulated by one common mechanism, manifest in DNA http://www.genome.gov


Lessons Learned: Lessons Learned The soul of an architecture is found in its mechanisms which cut across the components of the system, thus yielding its essential behaviors


The Architecture of DNA: The Architecture of DNA Dennis and Gallagher, 2003, The Human Genome, Nature Publishing Group


The Architecture of DNA: The Architecture of DNA To sequence DNA Isolate the DNA under investigation Use DNA polymerase to make a large number of copies Cut those copies at random into reasonably sized, overlapping pieces, marking the ends of each piece with a terminator base Order those pieces by size using electrophoresis Read the sequence from the progression of terminator bases To assemble a sequence Place all sequences into a DNA library Sequence those sequences by matching their overlapping parts http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank 3,200,000,000 bases 1,000 raw sequences per second 9x coverage required for final sequence


The Architecture of a Sequencer: The Architecture of a Sequencer Two fundamental approaches NIH: map-based (reliable but slow) Celera: whole genome shotgun (fast but computationally wicked)


The Architecture of a Sequencer: The Architecture of a Sequencer Phred (Phil Green and Brent Ewing) Reads DNA sequencer trace data, calls bases, assigns quality values to the bases, and writes the base calls and quality values to output files Phrap (Phil Green) A program for assembling shotgun DNA sequence data http://www.phrap.org


The Architecture of a Sequencer: The Architecture of a Sequencer Phred Use Fourier methods to predict base traces around each point Examine each trace to find actuals Match the predicted traces with actuals Evaluate each match according to specific quality measures Phrap Eliminate garbage sequences Identify all potentially overlapping pairs of sequences (must have an exact match of approximately 14 bases and a quality alignment of the whole sequence Establish scores for pairwise alignment, overlap, length, and quality Create a candidate merged sequence starting with pairs from the highest scores Produce a consensus sequence based on voting from the quality scores of each base


The Architecture of SETI@home: The Architecture of SETI@home http://www.computer.org/cise/articles/seti.htm


The Architecture of the Dead Sea Scrolls Analysis: The Architecture of the Dead Sea Scrolls Analysis Tens of thousands of fragments discovered in 1947 Study of the scrolls was confined to a small set of scholars, who published a concordance to assist their analysis In 1991, Professor Ben Zion Wacholder of Hebrew Union College, and Martin Abegg transferred the concordance to a Macintosh, and using matching algorithms, generated a complete and relatively accurate combined transcript http://www.judaica.org


Lessons Learned: Lessons Learned Common architectures may be found in uncommon places


The Architecture of Autonomous Robots: The Architecture of Autonomous Robots Shakey, built in 1969 at SRI, was the first significant mobile, autonomous robot 'Shakey should never have been built. There was a failure to recognize the deep problems in AI.' http://world.honda/asimo Asimo, built at Honda, is an intelligent, two-legged humanoid robot Asmio can react to movements, voice, and facial expressions


The Architecture of Ghengis: The Architecture of Ghengis Rodney Brooks at the MIT AI Lab has explored subsumption architectures Fast, cheap, and out of control Brooks, 2002, Flesh and Machines, MIT Press


*The Architecture of a Mindstorms Robot: *The Architecture of a Mindstorms Robot Developed by Rational’s team in Singapore A Rose/RT to Mindstorms connection http://www.rational.net/content/images/catapulse/publicattachment/doc/8097_ps_2599.doc


Lessons Learned: Lessons Learned The simplest architectures are best


The Architecture of an Interpreter: The Architecture of an Interpreter The Altair 8080 was the first really personal computer Its basic interpreter was written by Bill Gates and Paul Allen Lots of tricks were required to save memory Reuben Harris


The Architecture of Classic Systems: The Architecture of Classic Systems All legacy systems exhibit sedimentation Jason Lanier, 2002, 'The Complexity Ceiling,' The Next Fifty Years http://www.computerhistory.org


Lessons Learned: Lessons Learned You can learn a great deal from an archeological dig


The Architecture of a Web-centric System: The Architecture of a Web-centric System Integrated Service Request App. Server Company A Company B


The Architecture of a First-Generation System: The Architecture of a First-Generation System Push information in a linear fashion HTML-centric Architecturally trivial Siegel, 1996, Creating Killer Web Sites, Hayden


The Architecture of a Second-Generation System: The Architecture of a Second-Generation System Push visitors using simile and hierarchy HTML-centric, but more graphical and modestly dynamic Architecturally simple Siegel, 1996, Creating Killer Web Sites, Hayden


The Architecture of a Third-Generation System: The Architecture of a Third-Generation System Pull visitors in the door Platform-centric Architecturally expressive but complex Siegel, 1996, Creating Killer Web Sites, Hayden


Demo: Demo Scenario Existing shopping cart website produces invoices for online purchases Need to update the existing system with a credit card web service


Lessons Learned: Lessons Learned An architecture must grow and adapt or die


The Architecture of Buildings: The Architecture of Buildings


Lessons Learned: Lessons Learned Sometimes you have to break the foundation


The Architecture of Buildings: The Architecture of Buildings


The Architecture of e-Business: The Architecture of e-Business http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/patterns/


Lessons Learned: Lessons Learned The best architectures are full of patterns


Handbook of Software Engineering: Handbook of Software Engineering Working to provide a reference book of common architectures across the breadth of software-intensive systems Artificial intelligence systems Commercial systems Communications systems Development environments Devices Entertainment/sports systems Financial systems Industrial systems Legal systems Multimedia systems Medical systems Military systems Operating systems Platforms Scientific systems Transportation systems Utilities


Lessons Learned: Lessons Learned Fundamentals never go out of style


The Architecture of Unusual Things: The Architecture of Unusual Things Everything has an architecture The soul of an architecture is found in its mechanisms Common architectures may be found in uncommon places The simplest architectures are best You can learn a great deal from an archeological dig An architectures must grow and adapt or die Sometimes you have to break the foundation The best architectures are full of patterns Fundamentals never go out of style


Slide39: The driving force behind software engineering is the rise in levels of abstraction


Slide40: Grady Booch gbooch@us.ibm.com (email) 39.620/-105.076(GPS) The Architecture of Unusual Things