Reynolds

Black hole astrophysics in the new century: 

Black hole astrophysics in the new century Chris Reynolds Department of Astronomy University of Maryland A high-energy astrophysicist’s view of…

Outline: 

Outline Will discuss an issues that will drive future (high-energy) studies of black holes… Black holes as strong-gravity laboratories Broad iron lines: recent progress and future prospects Jets, outflows and feedback Physics of outflows/jets from black hole disks Comments on the cooling core clusters Black hole demographics and evolution ULXs as Pop III remnants?

I : Black Holes as strong-gravity laboratories: 

I : Black Holes as strong-gravity laboratories Open to study through various techniques… Gravitational radiation from merging black holes (Bender, Berti, Fortini, Holz, Koushiappas, Stebbins) “Broad iron line” spectroscopy of disk Thermal continuum spectroscopy of disk Temporal variability of emissions from accretion flow Direct imaging of accretion flow (Bardeen talk)

I : Black Holes as strong-gravity laboratories: 

I : Black Holes as strong-gravity laboratories Open to study through various techniques… Gravitational radiation from merging black holes (Bender, Berti, Fortini, Holz, Koushiappas, Stebbins) “Broad iron line” spectroscopy of disk Thermal continuum spectroscopy of disk Temporal variability of emissions from accretion flow Direct imaging of accretion flow (Bardeen talk)

Iron line from X-ray reflection: 

Iron line from X-ray reflection Backscattered spectrum from X-ray irradiation of the “cold” optically-thick disk… Fluorescence/radiative recomb.lines Radiative recombination continuum Compton backscattered continuum Self-consistent model of X-ray reflection from ionized disk (Ross & Fabian 2005)

Slide6: 

Brenneman & Reynolds (2006) MCG-6-30-15 w/ASCA Tanaka et al. (1995) Nandra et al. (1998)

Recent results support importance of broad iron lines for studying strong gravity: 

Recent results support importance of broad iron lines for studying strong gravity High-resolution/broad band spectra allow effects of absorption to be removed K-lines of intermediate-ionization states of iron are major diagnostic of “broad line mimicking absorbers”… rarely seen! Broad iron lines have been found in many AGN and GBHCs by XMM-Newton and Chandra Archival studies finding lines in 30-70% of type-1 AGN (archival samples are not complete!) Broad lines have been used to constrain BH spin Effect of region in radius of marginal stability is limited

Slide8: 

MCG-6-30-15; 522ks Chandra-HETG observation (Young et al. 2005) Young et al. (2005)

Slide9: 

=2.2 MCG-6 Suzaku team (Courtesy A.Fabian & G.Minuitti) Ratio against =2 power-law Hard X-ray constraints further rule out steep-+absorption models

Recent results support importance of broad iron lines for studying strong gravity: 

Recent results support importance of broad iron lines for studying strong gravity High-resolution/broad band spectra allow effects of absorption to be removed K-lines of intermediate-ionization states of iron are major diagnostic of “broad line mimicking absorbers”… rarely seen! Broad iron lines have been found in many AGN and GBHCs by XMM-Newton and Chandra Archival studies finding lines in 30-70% of type-1 AGN (archival samples are not complete!) Broad lines have been used to constrain BH spin Effect of region in radius of marginal stability is limited

Iron lines in AGN: 

Iron lines in AGN MCG-5-23-16 (Dewangan 2003) PG 1211+143 (Pounds 2003) IRAS 18325 (Iwasawa 2004) Lockman hole (Streblyanskaya et al 2004)

Iron lines in Galactic Black Hole Binaries: 

Iron lines in Galactic Black Hole Binaries GX 339-4 (XMM) GX 339-4 (CXO) GRS 1915+105 (CXO) XTE J1650-500 (XMM) JM Miller Rin=2.9+-0.1

Recent results support importance of broad iron lines for studying strong gravity: 

Recent results support importance of broad iron lines for studying strong gravity High-resolution/broad band spectra allow effects of absorption to be removed K-lines of intermediate-ionization states of iron are major diagnostic of “broad line mimicking absorbers”… rarely seen! Broad iron lines have been found in many AGN and GBHCs by XMM-Newton and Chandra Archival studies finding lines in 30-70% of type-1 AGN (archival samples are not complete!) Broad lines have been used to constrain BH spin Effect of region in radius of marginal stability is limited

Slide14: 

Brenneman & Reynolds (2006, ApJ submitted) Assuming no emission from within rms Schwarzschild solution requires almost all emission from r3rg a>0.987 (formal 90% limit)

Iron line studies with Constellation-X: 

Iron line studies with Constellation-X Armitage & Reynolds (2003) Dynamical timescale variability… probes orbital motions in accretion disk

Slide16: 

Powerful probe of turbulent disk physics. Also, arcs approximately trace test-particle Keplerian orbits in = plane. Iwasawa et al. (2004)

Slide17: 

Light crossing timescale allows reverberation effects to be studied.

Detectability with Constellation-X: 

Detectability with Constellation-X Ellipses give an indication for ability of Constellation-X to detect orbital variability (yellow region) and reverberation effects (red region). 1,2,3 Detection time for redshifted Fe line with EW=100eV, E/E=0.05. F2-10keV =5x10-11, =1.8

Other probes of strong gravity…Thermal disk emission: 

Other probes of strong gravity… Thermal disk emission Modeling the thermal emission from the accretion disk T and L  R  a Potentially powerful probe of spin in GBHBs (McClintock et al.) Rests upon an understanding radiative transfer in disk atmosphere… robust?

Other probes of strong gravity…Quasi-periodic oscillations: 

Other probes of strong gravity… Quasi-periodic oscillations QPOs such as those seen are currently elusive in simulations; Armitage & Reynolds (2003); also see Schnittman et al. (2006) High-frequency QPOs seen from GBHCs in very high state Stable, ~Kep, ISCO ~1% of luminosity… increasing at high-E Often seen in pairs with 3:2 frequency ratio Potentially a powerful probe of relativistic potential… Need a more compelling theoretical framework!

II : Physics of winds, jets and feedback: 

II : Physics of winds, jets and feedback AGN winds X-ray spectroscopy well suited to characterize energetically dominant components of AGN winds Measure energy, momentum, metal input into IGM Determine physical mechanisms underlying AGN winds Radio galaxy heating of cluster cores Cluster cores : the most accessible place to study the suppression of massive galaxy formation! X-ray imaging spectroscopy will provide only direct probe of ICM dynamics

Slide22: 

NGC3783; 900ks Chandra/HETGS (Kaspi et al. 2002) 100ks simulated Con-X spectrum of a redshift z=1.7 quasar with powerful ionized outflow Quasar winds at z~1-2 may be particularly important for galaxy formation (e.g. Scannapieco & Oh 2004)

There’s real physics in these spectra!: 

There’s real physics in these spectra! Example… Chandra/HETGS spectrum of GROJ1655 Find ~90 absorption lines Plasma diagnostics allow location of photoionized wind to be determined Can rule out radiative or thermal driving of wind First compelling case where a magnetically-driven outflow from a black hole disk is inferred Miller et al. (Nature 2006)

II : Physics of winds, jets and feedback: 

II : Physics of winds, jets and feedback AGN winds X-ray spectroscopy well suited to characterize energetically dominant components of AGN winds Measure energy, momentum, metal input into IGM Determine physical mechanisms underlying AGN winds Radio galaxy heating of cluster cores Cluster cores : the most accessible place to study the suppression of massive galaxy formation! X-ray imaging spectroscopy will provide only direct probe of ICM dynamics

Chandra observations of cooling-core clusters: 

Chandra observations of cooling-core clusters Cygnus-A Smith et al. (2002) Hydra-A Nulsen et al. (2004) Virgo/M87 Young et al. (2002) Synopsis: Jet-blown cavities common “Ghost” cavities common Shocks are elusive! Abell 4059 / PKS2354-35 Heinz et al. (2002)

Slide26: 

Casper, CSR et al., in prep Abell 4059 Suzaku XRS sim :( Abell 4059 Suzaku XRS sim :(

Slide27: 

Delayed fueling scenario with ICM rotation Vernaleo & Reynolds (20060 Hydro simulation of radio galaxy interacting with ICM

III : Black hole evolution and demographics: 

III : Black hole evolution and demographics Very many excellent talks at this meeting on black hole growth, evolution and demographics But not much attention paid to low-z ULXs Stellar mass BH models Beaming Super-Eddington accretion (RMHD effect; Begelman ‘01) Intermediate mass BH models IMBH from core collapse of stellar cluster? Primordial objects or Pop III relics… if so, ULXs are incredibly important!! IC342 w/XMM contours (Lisa Winter, UMd/GSFC)

XMM ULX survey(Winter, Mushotzky & CSR 2006): 

XMM ULX survey (Winter, Mushotzky & CSR 2006) Surveyed 32 galaxies within 8Mpc… found 25 “high-state” ULXs (also 16 low state counterparts!) Characterize disk temperatures and luminosities for the ULXs Expect TM-1/2L1/4 Find gap in the temperature distribution… suggests gap in mass function! Miller et al. (2004) Heger & Woosley (2002)

Slide30: 

Winter, Mushotzky & CSR, submitted Heger & Woosley (2002)

New windows on ULXs…: 

New windows on ULXs… Constellation-X spectroscopy “Classic” radial velocity measurements with large ground-based telescopes Liu, Bregman, Seitzer (2005) Peculiar B0 Ib supergiant Extreme mass ratio inspiral of IMBH into SMBH with LISA

Conclusions: 

Conclusions Tremendously exciting set of future projects aimed at the physics/astrophysics of black holes Con-X, EXIST, GLAST, LISA, MAXIM, NEXT, Spectrum X-, mm-VLBI, XEUS + numerical relativity, GR-MHD disk sims Era of quantitative strong-gravity studies is approaching… Even if gravity is as expected, we will learn enormous amounts about interaction of matter/fields with strong gravity New windows on the demographics/origin of black holes ULXs as a window to the early universe? Next step in assessing role of black holes on structure/galaxy formation Outflows from quasars Dynamics of ICM… detailed study of massive galaxy suppression