E16

Slide1 : On the Way to a Sustainable Energy Future European Fuel Cell Forum Morgenacherstrasse 2F CH-5452 Oberrohrdorf / Switzerland Tel.: +41-56-496-7292, Fax: - 4412 forum@efcf.com, www.efcf.com Presenting physics, not philosophy Ulf Bossel – October 2005 Ulf Bossel


Slide2 : That’s me: Ulf Bossel Dipl. Ing., ETH Zürich, Switzerland (1961) Mechanical Engineering: Aerodynamics, Thermodynamics Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley (1968) Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Molecular Beams Assistant Professor, Syracuse University (1968-1970) Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Group Leader, DFVLR, Göttingen, Germany (1970-1986) Free molecular flow studies (space aerodynamics) Founder and Manager of SOLENTEC, a consulting firm for renewable energy and energy conservation (1978) Fuel Cell Project Manager, ABB Baden, Switzerland (1986-1990) Manager of ABB’s fuel cell activities in Europe and US Fuel Cell Consultant and Developer (1990-to date) Siemens, Mitsubishi, Statoil, Eniricerche, EPRI, Novem European Fuel Cell Forum (1994 to date) International Fuel Cell Conferences Lucerne FUEL CELL FORUM 2006 (July 3 – 7, 2006) www.efcf.com Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide3 : ? ? ? Sustainable Energy Future Leaving Gasoline County Entering Hydrogen County Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide4 : Dimension of Energy Problem (just one “shocking” example) Frankfurt Airport (2004) 520 jet departures per day, 50 Jumbo Jets (Boeing 747) 130 t of kerosene per Jumbo = 50 t of liquid hydrogen For 50 Jumbo Jets per day: (2,500 t LH2/day, 36,000 m3 LH2/day, need 22,500 m3 water/day) Continuous output of eight 1-GW power plants needed for electrolysis, liquefaction, transport, transfer of LH2! At least 25 nuclear power plants plus the entire water consumption of Frankfurt needed to serve all 520 jet aircrafts per day at Frankfurt Airport Energy problem cannot be solved by switching from fossil fuels to hydrogen Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide5 : “Creation” of “Hydrogen Energy” (1) From water by electrolysis H2O => H2 + ½ O2 2 hydrogen atoms = 2 hydrogen atoms 1 oxygen atom = 1 oxygen atom Species balance 2. From natural gas by reforming CH4 + 2 H2O => 4 H2 + CO2 1 carbon atom = 1 carbon atom 8 hydrogen atoms = 8 hydrogen atoms 2 oxygen atoms = 2 oxygen atoms Species balance Simple equations, friendly elements H, O and C Hydrogen promoters are happy! Even politicians can follow and initiate hydrogen programs Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide6 : “Creation” of “Hydrogen Energy” (2) From water by electrolysis H2O => H2 + ½ O2 18 kg H2O = 2 kg H2 + 16 kg O2 9 kg H2O = 1 kg H2 + 8 kg O2 Mass balance 2. From natural gas by reforming CH4 + 2 H2O => 4 H2 + CO2 16 kg CH4 + 36 kg H2O = 8 kg H2 + 44 kg CO2 2 kg CH4 + 4.5 kg H2O = 1 kg H2 + 5.5 kg CO2 Mass balance Clean water availability may limit hydrogen production Mass handling not trivial. Carbon sequestration??? 1 kg hydrogen replaces 1 Gallon or 4 Liters of gasoline Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide7 : “Creation” of “Hydrogen Energy” (3) From water by electrolysis H2O => H2 + ½ O2 2. From natural gas by reforming CH4 + 2 H2O => 4 H2 + CO2 Energy balance Where does the energy come from to make and distribute hydrogen? We need to solve energy problems, not chemical problems! electrical energy = energy in H2 286 kJ/mol = 286 kJ/mol Reality: 130% energy input = 100% energy in H2 + 30% energy loss Methane energy + heat = energy in H2 890 kJ/mol + 254 kJ/mol = (4 x 286 kJ/mol =) 1,144 kJ/mol Reality: 110% energy input = 100% energy in H2 + 10% energy loss Energy balance Add 100% for hydrogen distribution to customers Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide8 : primary energy consumption increased more coal, more nuclear energy more CO2 and radioactive waste time wasted global catastrophe Leaving Gasoline County Entering Hydrogen County Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide9 : Sustainable Energy Future Leaving Chemical Energy County Entering Physical Energy County Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide10 : Common Goal: Sustainable Energy Future Only two conditions must be satisfied: Need to re-organize the entire energy system for a sustainable energy future 2. Energy must be distributed and used with highest efficiency 1. Energy source, sink, handling and use must be sustainable Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide11 : Sustainable Energy Oil, natural gas, coal or nuclear are not sustainable! Energy from sustainably managed renewable sources: Solar energy photovoltaic DC electricity thermal AC electricity, hot water, space heating etc. Wind energy AC electricity Hydropower AC electricity Ocean energy waves, tides AC electricity Geothermal heat AC electricity, hot water, space heating etc. Biomass and organic waste heat, organic fuels heat AC electricity, hot water, space heating etc. Energy carriers like water, hydrogen, electrons etc. obey the laws of species conservation. Energy carriers cannot be classified as „sustainable“ Most renewable energy is “harvested” as electricity Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide12 : Solar Energy Availability Solar energy received by red area exceeds World energy consumption In addition: wind, waves, geothermal, biomass, organic waste etc. Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide13 : Energy Challenge With the exception of biomass nature provides physical energy kinetic energy of wind, water, waves solar radiation heat form geothermal sources With the exception of food people need physical energy motion communication lighting heating and cooling (space conditioning and cooking) industrial processes Whenever possible, avoid conversions across the chemical -|- physical energy boundary The challenge is the direct transfer of physical energy from source to service Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide14 : Energy Flux Diagram of Germany (1995) yellow: primary energy blue: energy losses purple: useful energy Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide15 : Electricity from renewable sources Electrolysis (80%) synthetic hydrogen Compression Liquefaction Distribution Storage transfer Consumers need motion, sound, light, heat, communication Sustainable Energy Future Fossil Energy Past physical chemical physical chemical Fossil Past and Sustainable Future hydrocarbons from biomass hydrocarbons from fossil sources Electricity from renewable sources (25%) (35%) (50%) (90%) (90%) overall efficiency: Carnot machines DMFC, MCFC, SOFC H2 fuel cells (50%) 40% of HHV ? Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide16 : electrolyzer fuel cell renewable AC electricity DC electricity hydrogen gas packaged transported transferred stored DC AC 100% 25% 20% 90% by electrons gaseous hydrogen liquid hydrogen by hydrogen Consumer Renewable Source Energy Electricity Transport Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide17 : Renewable AC electricity AC power 100% 110% Renewable Energy Power Plants and energy transport by electrons or hydrogen 400% 3 of 4 renewable energy power plants needed to cover losses! Also: New infrastructures Required for hydrogen Substantially more renewable electricity needed by hydrogen by electrons Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide18 : Consumer Cost of Energy Assumption: As today, energy losses will be charged to the customer. Therefore by laws of physics: Hydrogen energy will be at least twice as expensive as electrical energy Electricity derived from hydrogen with fuel cells will be at least four times more expensive than power from the grid The consumer will choose the low-cost solution: Electric heaters or heat pumps rather than hydrogen for heating Electric cars for commuting, not hydrogen fuel cell vehicles The last drops of oil and liquid fuels from biomass will be used for long distance driving, trucks and air transport Hydrogen has to compete with its own energy source. Therefore, it will always be an expensive fuel Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide19 : 6 TJ Kerosene 130 tons 160 m3 5% of energy for transport and handling 40% of energy for liquefaction transport and handling Reformer (15% losses) Electrolyzer (25% losses) Liquid H2 50 tons 715 m3 6.3 TJ off refinery = 9.9 TJ total = 9.3 TJ total Kerosene H2 by NG reforming H2 by electrolysis + 450 m3 of clean water + 225 m3 of clean water 6.9 TJ (100 tons NG) + 2.4 TJ (electricity) 2.4 TJ (electricity) + 7.5 TJ (electricity) Energy Options for a Jumbo Jet Results for „green“ electricity Factor 2 higher for power mix ? ? Liquid H2 50 tons 715 m3 6 TJ Liquid H2 50 tons 715 m3 275 tons CO2 Heavy duty and long distance transport by land, air and sea will be powered by „the last drops of oil“ or hydrocarbon biofuels Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide20 : 5% of energy for transport and handling 50% of energy for liquefaction transport and handling Reformer (15% losses) Electrolyzer (25% losses) 0.4 kg/100 km Liquid H2 0.4 kg/100 km Liquid H2 84 MJ/100 km off refinery = 88 MJ/100 km total = 83 MJ/100 km total Diesel H2 by NG reforming H2 by electrolysis + 3.6 kg/100 km of clean water + 1.8 kg/100 km of clean water 58 MJ/100 km (natural gas) + 25 MJ/100 km (electricity) 25 MJ/100 km (electricity) + 63 MJ/100 km (electricity) Energy Options: Diesel vs. H2-Fuel Cell Cars 20 MJ/100 km H2-Fuel Cell 40% tank-to-wheel 50 MJ/100 km (0.4 kg LH2/100 km) Diesel 25% tank-to-wheel 80 MJ/100 km (2.5 L/100 km) Results for „green“ electricity Factor 2 higher for power mix ? ? No significant difference between modern Diesel and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide21 : 5% of energy for transport and handling 50% of energy for liquefaction transport and handling Electrolyzer (25% losses) 0.4 kg/100 km Liquid H2 84 MJ/100 km off refinery = 88 MJ/100 km total Diesel Electricity for H2 by electrolysis + 3.6 kg/100 km of clean water 25 MJ/100 km (electricity) + 63 MJ/100 km (electricity) Results for „green“ electricity Factor 2 higher for power mix ? Energy Options: Diesel vs. Electricity for Cars Battery-Electric 80% plug-to-wheel 25 MJ/100 km 12% of energy for transmission. AC/DC conversion 30 MJ/100 km (electricity) Electricity for batteries 20 MJ/100 km H2-Fuel Cell 40% tank-to-wheel 50 MJ/100 km (0.4 kg LH2/100 km) Diesel 25% tank-to-wheel 80 MJ/100 km (2.5 L/100 km) Electric cars far superior to Diesel or hydrogen fuel cell vehicles Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide22 : 50% of energy for liquefaction transport and handling Electrolyzer (25% losses) 0.4 kg/100 km Liquid H2 = 88 MJ/100 km total Electricity for H2 by electrolysis + 3.6 kg/100 km of clean water 25 MJ/100 km (electricity) + 63 MJ/100 km (electricity) Results for „green“ electricity Factor 2 higher for power mix ? Battery-Electric 80% plug-to-wheel 25 MJ/100 km 12% of energy for transmission, AC/DC conversion 30 MJ/100 km (electricity) Electricity for batteries In a sustainable future electricity will be the main energy source. Electric cars will be preferred to hydrogen fuel cell vehicles! Sustainable Energy Options for Passenger Cars 20 MJ/100 km H2-Fuel Cell 40% tank-to-wheel 50 MJ/100 km (0.4 kg LH2/100 km) After oil depletion electric cars beat hydrogen fuel cell vehicles Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide23 : Transportation Status of electric cars with Li-ion Batteries (China): Range: 350 km on one battery charge. Battery recharging in minutes. Lifetime 10 years. Driving costs much less than for IC engine cars, much less than for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles Other options for commuter cars using physical energy: Compressed air, liquid Nitrogen Electric cars make much better use of electricity than hydrogen fuel cell vehicles Technology for a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles exists or can be developed But hydrogen infrastructure may never be established: Who wants to buy hydrogen? Electricity costs much less! Who wants to invest in a hydrogen infrastructure? Uncertain business! Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide24 : Wind Electricity for Transportation Wind-to-Wheel Energy Assessment by Patrick Mazza and Roel Hammerschlag (Lucerne Fuel Cell Forum 2005, corrected) Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide25 : Electric Cars are Coming Length 4490 mm Width 1770 mm Curb weight 1590 kg Seating 5 Max. Power 4 x 50 = 200 kW Max. speed 180 km/h Range/charge 250 km Lithium-ion 90Ah at 14.8 V No. of batteries 24 Max. energy stored 32 kWh Gasoline equivalent 3 Liters Fuel economy 1.2 L/100 km Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution MIEV: Source: Mitsubishi Corporate Press Release of August 24, 2005


Slide26 : Trends towards Electricity Transition to electricity is already in progress. Hydrogen cannot catch up with electrons Driven by source depletion and global warming: - Rising energy prices - Stationary: Improved thermal insulation and more efficient HVAC appliances Substitution of natural gas and heating oil by electricity - Mobile:: Improved efficiency of IC engines Hybrid electric vehicles and small electric commuting cars Substitution of fossil fuels by synthetic hydrocarbons and electricity - Higher efficiency of energy distribution system More direct electricity, fewer conversion steps, use of waste energy - More electricity from renewable sources Constant cost of renewable electricity at rising oil and gas prices - Change in consumer behavior Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide27 : Need Electrical Energy Storage Storage economy depends on service life, cycle efficiency, initial and operational costs etc. Service cycles Efficiency Hydrogen 1,000? 45% Lead acid batteries 1,000? 70% Compressed air >100,000 75% Hydro >100,000 75% Sodium-Sulfur batteries 2,000? 80% Flywheels >100,000 85% Li ion “batteries” >100,000 90% Super capacitors >100,000 95% Physical energy storage offers superior solutions Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide28 : Need Dispersed Electricity Storage Sustainable future: In addition to large centralized two-way storage facilities One-way storage in many small dispersed appliance-connected storage units In a sustainable energy future dispersed one-way storage will augment centralized two-way storage systems Today: Two-way storage in few large centralized facilities near power plans Power Plant Consumer Storage Renewable El. Renewable El. Renewable El. Storage Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide29 : Need Electricity Storage Management Dispersed one-way storage units are grid-connected They are charged by electric power utility to 80% whenever recharging is needed to 100% when excess power is available at times when surplus power is inexpensive etc. Electric cars stay grid-connected when not driven Charging conditions as above. Need automatic charge transfer platforms in garages and parking lots. Electricity received is metered on-board or by HF-signals and charged to the car owner by the end of each month Dispersed one-way electricity storage units could be managed by electric utilities, not by home or car owners Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide30 : Need New Electric Power Links Autonomous renewable energy areas connected by long-distance high-voltage DC power lines wind-wind hydro-solar waves-solar wind-solar biomass-wind time difference etc. Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide31 : Not a Question of Money How much wind energy capacity could have obtained for this sum? Assumptions: $1 Mio/MWpeak or $3 Mio per MWaverage for advanced wind generators $2 Mio/MW from private investors $1 Mio/MW from government $1 million support could trigger investment in 1 MW continuous wind power $300 billion could lead to 300 GW continuous wind generating capacity. The “2nd Oil War” has already cost the tax payer $300 billion Harvested wind energy sufficient to power 260 million electric commuter cars for 36,000 km per year each Forever! Need 0.65% of US landmass, but farming can continue under wind generators Ulf Bossel – October 2005


Slide32 : Conclusions A sustainable energy future is possible when based on energy from renewable sources and highest efficiency! Prepare for an “Electron Economy” We need: Energy strategies based on physics, not fantasies Investments in sustainable technology, not research True political leadership Energy base must be changed from chemical to physical Physics is eternal and cannot be changed by governments. Therefore by laws of physics: Hydrogen can never compete with its own energy source. A “Hydrogen Economy” has no past, no present and no future Ulf Bossel – October 2005