Sex and Gender

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Sex and Gender: 

Sex and Gender Difference between sex and gender? Sex: Biologically determined. Chromosomes (XX, XY). Hormones in the womb (around the 7th week) give rise to anatomical sex (external genitalia that match genes on the sex chromosomes). Hormones are labeled androgens. High presence leads to male genitalia. At puberty, increases in testosterone and estrogen lead to the secondary sex characteristics.

Biological Differences: 

Biological Differences Many fewer differences than historically believed (e.g., history of intelligence testing) Proportion of fat to muscle increases in girls at puberty Secondary sex characteristics Lower blood pressure (linked to pregnancy) Females suffer less frequently from cardiovascular disease (may be work related)

More Biological Differences?: 

More Biological Differences? The following differences had been assumed to be biological, but most evidence points to culture now. Math ability: boys pass girls at the high school level Spatial ability: boys better. But differences diminish with training Verbal ability: recent research counters belief that girls are better

Gender: 

Gender The cultural manifestations of sex Roles and expectations created by society Where do these expectations come from? Parents Media (e.g., TV) School

Gender and School: 

Gender and School Girls begin formal schooling w/ a test advantage. By the SAT the advantage is gone. Why? Girls asked more personal-social questions than boys by pre-school teachers Early childhood teachers spend 2/3 of their time with boys At all levels of schooling, more time w/ boys

School and Discrimination: 

School and Discrimination More called out responses accepted from boys (girls should be polite) Girls learn better in cooperative environments (how is school set up?) 79% of teacher organized demonstrations in science are carried out by males Childrens’ books are more sensitive to gender, but textbooks are often not

Discrimination: 

Discrimination Jobs and Wages: women make 70 cents for each dollar earned by men Female stereotyped jobs: skills are less valued Females placed in entry level (and less stable) jobs When men take 'female' jobs they are usually put in administrative positions Starts with allowance!!!

Sexual Harassment : 

Sexual Harassment Use of power to secure sexual favors Unwanted advances Creation of a hostile situation One issue is confusion for boys in school – where does 'teasing' end and harassment begin