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Premium member Presentation Transcript TRAVEL MEDICINE: TRAVEL MEDICINE MAJ Christine Lettieri Dewitt Army Community Hospital The Capital Conference 4 June 2007Overview: Overview Risk Assessment Resources Immunizations Malaria Prophylaxis Traveler’s DiarrheaResources: Resources Center for Disease Control www.cdc.gov/travel World Health Organization International Travel and Health www.who.int/int International Society of Travel Medicine www.istm.orgAssessing the Risk: Assessing the Risk Where? What time of year? Type of lodging? Planned activities? Contact with local residents? Immunizations: Immunizations Routine Recommended RequiredRoutine Immunizations: Routine Immunizations Tetanus (Tdap or Td) booster - > 5 years MMR - Indicated for those without 2 doses or + titers Inactivated Polio (IPV) -Single booster for travel to India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Egypt, Niger, and SomaliaRoutine Immunizations: Routine Immunizations Varicella -Women of childbearing age - 1 dose to age 13 - 2 doses > 13 Pneumovax - > age 65 - Chronic medical conditions Influenza -All travelers -November to March in Northern Hemisphere -April to September in Southern HemisphereRecommended Vaccinations: Recommended Vaccinations Hepatitis A -Nearly all international locations -New Pediatric recommendations -Initial dose >4 weeks prior -Booster at 6-12/18 months -Mild side effectsHepatitis A : Hepatitis A Immunoglobulin -<2 weeks prior to travel -Allergy to vaccine -Children < age 2 -Pregnant patients Twinrix (Hepatitis A and B) -Series- 0,1,6 months -Accelerated series- 0, 1, 3 weeks with booster at 12 months Hepatitis B: Hepatitis B Endemic in South America, Africa, SE Asia, South Pacific Close contact with locals Extended stay Potential need for medical treatment Series- 0, 1, 6 months Accelerated series- 0,1,2, 12 months Side effects- Injection site soreness, headachesJapanese Encephalitis: Japanese Encephalitis India, China, Korea, Japan, SE Asia Recommended for: -Outdoor activities -Endemic areas 0, 7, 30 days Accelerated series- 0, 7, 14 days Consider booster > 2 years Side effects- Fever, headache, vomiting, angioedema, urticaria Typhoid Fever : Typhoid Fever Endemic in Central and South America, India, Africa Oral or IM route 50-80% immunity Side effects- Nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal cramping Rabies : Rabies Endemic in: -India -China -SE Asia -The Philippines -Indonesia -Latin America -Africa -Former USSR Rabies Vaccinations: Rabies Vaccinations Who? -Prolonged stay in endemic region -Remote areas -Close animal contact -Difficulty reporting Series- 0, 7, 21 or 28 days No booster shot for travelers Required Vaccinations: Required Vaccinations Yellow Fever Meningococcal during MeccaYellow Fever: Yellow Fever Endemic in equatorial Africa and South AmericaYellow Fever : Yellow Fever Live attenuated vaccine Side effects- Headaches, myalgias, fever, encephalitis Booster every 10 years Proof of vaccine >10 days Special considerations -Elderly -Pregnancy -Other live vaccines- same day or >28 daysMeningococcal Vaccine: Meningococcal Vaccine Endemic in Sub-Saharian Africa Required for pilgrims to Mecca MCV4 (Menactra) MPSV4 (Menomune) Single dose Booster in 3-5 years for MPSV4 ? Length of protection for MCV4Malaria: Malaria Female Anopheles mosquito Plasmodium vivax, ovale, falciparum, malariae > 270 million cases worldwide Over 1 million deaths 1,500 US cases annuallyMalaria Transmission: Malaria Transmission Sporozoites in mosquito saliva Liver RBCs Dormant liver stage- P. ovale, vivax Malaria Prevention: Malaria Prevention Limit potential exposure -Avoid nighttime outdoor activities -Minimize exposed skin -DEET (30-50%) insect repellant -Insecticides -Room fans -Mosquito bed nets -Permethrin Malaria Chemoprophylaxis: Malaria ChemoprophylaxisTraveler’s Diarrhea: Traveler’s Diarrhea Fecally contaminated food and water Etiology -Bacteria- 85% -Parasites-10% -Viruses- 5% Risk Areas Traveler’s Diarrhea: Traveler’s Diarrhea Clinical Presentation: -Abrupt onset of loose stools -Abdominal cramping -Rectal urgency Typically self limited Traveler’s Diarrhea: Traveler’s Diarrhea Equal rates in males and females Young > old High risk travelers -Immunosuppressed -Inflammatory bowel disease -H2 blockers, PPIs, antacidsPreventive Measures: Preventive Measures Avoid street vendors Avoid buffets Avoid raw or undercooked meat and seafood Avoid eating raw fruits and vegetables Avoid tap water, ice, and unpasteurized dairy productsProphylactic Measures: Prophylactic Measures Lactobacillus Bismuth Subsalicylate Antibiotics Prophylaxis- Bismuth Subsalicylate: Prophylaxis- Bismuth Subsalicylate 2 oz or 2 tablets 4 times/day Decreased incidence- 14-40% Mild side effects Avoid: -Aspirin allergy -Renal insufficiency -Gout -Certain medications- MTX, anticoagulants -Children Prophylaxis- Antibiotics : Prophylaxis- Antibiotics Effective- 4-40% Fluoroquinolones Rifaximin (Xifaxan) Not recommended for routine use Increased risk of resistant pathogens False sense of security Consider in special situationsTreatment: Treatment Antibiotics Bismuth Subsalicylate Antimobility agents Oral rehydration therapy Antibiotic Treatment: Antibiotic Treatment Consider antibiotics- > 3 stools in 8 hr period, fever, blood in stool Fluoroquinolones Azithromycin Rifaximin- E. Coli 1-3 day treatment Avoid Sulfa medications, doxycycline Traveler’s Diarrhea: Traveler’s Diarrhea Bismuth subsalicylate -1 oz every 30 minutes x 8 for 2 days Anti-motility agents -Symptomatic relief -Adjunct to antibiotics with fever, bloody diarrhea Oral Rehydration Therapy Summary: Summary Advance planning Travel assessment Immunization status Malaria chemoprophylaxis Traveler’s Diarrhea References: References “Antibiotic Treatment for Travelers’ Diarrhea”, Cochrane Database “Prevention of Malaria in Travelers” American Family Physician, August 2003. “Travel Immunizations” American Family Physician, July 2004. “Travelers’ Diarrhea”, CDC “Travelers’ Diarrhea”, Travelers’ Health: Yellow Book, Health Information for International Travel, 2005-2006. CDC Travel Web site You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
TravelMedicine GenX Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 308 Category: Travel/ Places.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: March 27, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript TRAVEL MEDICINE: TRAVEL MEDICINE MAJ Christine Lettieri Dewitt Army Community Hospital The Capital Conference 4 June 2007Overview: Overview Risk Assessment Resources Immunizations Malaria Prophylaxis Traveler’s DiarrheaResources: Resources Center for Disease Control www.cdc.gov/travel World Health Organization International Travel and Health www.who.int/int International Society of Travel Medicine www.istm.orgAssessing the Risk: Assessing the Risk Where? What time of year? Type of lodging? Planned activities? Contact with local residents? Immunizations: Immunizations Routine Recommended RequiredRoutine Immunizations: Routine Immunizations Tetanus (Tdap or Td) booster - > 5 years MMR - Indicated for those without 2 doses or + titers Inactivated Polio (IPV) -Single booster for travel to India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Egypt, Niger, and SomaliaRoutine Immunizations: Routine Immunizations Varicella -Women of childbearing age - 1 dose to age 13 - 2 doses > 13 Pneumovax - > age 65 - Chronic medical conditions Influenza -All travelers -November to March in Northern Hemisphere -April to September in Southern HemisphereRecommended Vaccinations: Recommended Vaccinations Hepatitis A -Nearly all international locations -New Pediatric recommendations -Initial dose >4 weeks prior -Booster at 6-12/18 months -Mild side effectsHepatitis A : Hepatitis A Immunoglobulin -<2 weeks prior to travel -Allergy to vaccine -Children < age 2 -Pregnant patients Twinrix (Hepatitis A and B) -Series- 0,1,6 months -Accelerated series- 0, 1, 3 weeks with booster at 12 months Hepatitis B: Hepatitis B Endemic in South America, Africa, SE Asia, South Pacific Close contact with locals Extended stay Potential need for medical treatment Series- 0, 1, 6 months Accelerated series- 0,1,2, 12 months Side effects- Injection site soreness, headachesJapanese Encephalitis: Japanese Encephalitis India, China, Korea, Japan, SE Asia Recommended for: -Outdoor activities -Endemic areas 0, 7, 30 days Accelerated series- 0, 7, 14 days Consider booster > 2 years Side effects- Fever, headache, vomiting, angioedema, urticaria Typhoid Fever : Typhoid Fever Endemic in Central and South America, India, Africa Oral or IM route 50-80% immunity Side effects- Nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal cramping Rabies : Rabies Endemic in: -India -China -SE Asia -The Philippines -Indonesia -Latin America -Africa -Former USSR Rabies Vaccinations: Rabies Vaccinations Who? -Prolonged stay in endemic region -Remote areas -Close animal contact -Difficulty reporting Series- 0, 7, 21 or 28 days No booster shot for travelers Required Vaccinations: Required Vaccinations Yellow Fever Meningococcal during MeccaYellow Fever: Yellow Fever Endemic in equatorial Africa and South AmericaYellow Fever : Yellow Fever Live attenuated vaccine Side effects- Headaches, myalgias, fever, encephalitis Booster every 10 years Proof of vaccine >10 days Special considerations -Elderly -Pregnancy -Other live vaccines- same day or >28 daysMeningococcal Vaccine: Meningococcal Vaccine Endemic in Sub-Saharian Africa Required for pilgrims to Mecca MCV4 (Menactra) MPSV4 (Menomune) Single dose Booster in 3-5 years for MPSV4 ? Length of protection for MCV4Malaria: Malaria Female Anopheles mosquito Plasmodium vivax, ovale, falciparum, malariae > 270 million cases worldwide Over 1 million deaths 1,500 US cases annuallyMalaria Transmission: Malaria Transmission Sporozoites in mosquito saliva Liver RBCs Dormant liver stage- P. ovale, vivax Malaria Prevention: Malaria Prevention Limit potential exposure -Avoid nighttime outdoor activities -Minimize exposed skin -DEET (30-50%) insect repellant -Insecticides -Room fans -Mosquito bed nets -Permethrin Malaria Chemoprophylaxis: Malaria ChemoprophylaxisTraveler’s Diarrhea: Traveler’s Diarrhea Fecally contaminated food and water Etiology -Bacteria- 85% -Parasites-10% -Viruses- 5% Risk Areas Traveler’s Diarrhea: Traveler’s Diarrhea Clinical Presentation: -Abrupt onset of loose stools -Abdominal cramping -Rectal urgency Typically self limited Traveler’s Diarrhea: Traveler’s Diarrhea Equal rates in males and females Young > old High risk travelers -Immunosuppressed -Inflammatory bowel disease -H2 blockers, PPIs, antacidsPreventive Measures: Preventive Measures Avoid street vendors Avoid buffets Avoid raw or undercooked meat and seafood Avoid eating raw fruits and vegetables Avoid tap water, ice, and unpasteurized dairy productsProphylactic Measures: Prophylactic Measures Lactobacillus Bismuth Subsalicylate Antibiotics Prophylaxis- Bismuth Subsalicylate: Prophylaxis- Bismuth Subsalicylate 2 oz or 2 tablets 4 times/day Decreased incidence- 14-40% Mild side effects Avoid: -Aspirin allergy -Renal insufficiency -Gout -Certain medications- MTX, anticoagulants -Children Prophylaxis- Antibiotics : Prophylaxis- Antibiotics Effective- 4-40% Fluoroquinolones Rifaximin (Xifaxan) Not recommended for routine use Increased risk of resistant pathogens False sense of security Consider in special situationsTreatment: Treatment Antibiotics Bismuth Subsalicylate Antimobility agents Oral rehydration therapy Antibiotic Treatment: Antibiotic Treatment Consider antibiotics- > 3 stools in 8 hr period, fever, blood in stool Fluoroquinolones Azithromycin Rifaximin- E. Coli 1-3 day treatment Avoid Sulfa medications, doxycycline Traveler’s Diarrhea: Traveler’s Diarrhea Bismuth subsalicylate -1 oz every 30 minutes x 8 for 2 days Anti-motility agents -Symptomatic relief -Adjunct to antibiotics with fever, bloody diarrhea Oral Rehydration Therapy Summary: Summary Advance planning Travel assessment Immunization status Malaria chemoprophylaxis Traveler’s Diarrhea References: References “Antibiotic Treatment for Travelers’ Diarrhea”, Cochrane Database “Prevention of Malaria in Travelers” American Family Physician, August 2003. “Travel Immunizations” American Family Physician, July 2004. “Travelers’ Diarrhea”, CDC “Travelers’ Diarrhea”, Travelers’ Health: Yellow Book, Health Information for International Travel, 2005-2006. CDC Travel Web site