Qing Dynasty1644-1911(Manchu or Manchurian)7: Qing Dynasty 1644-1911 (Manchu or Manchurian) 7


Ming Collapse:1664 CE: Ming Collapse: 1664 CE Invading Manchu armies are resisted by Chinese forces for a while Chinese general decides to switch sides and allies with Manchu forces, surrendering all of Northern China Alternating explanations: Emperor had violated the General’s wife Emperor ordered general’s family killed, mistakenly believing the general was disloyal, and this drove the general to betrayal


New Manchurian Dynasty: New Manchurian Dynasty Manchu General enters Beijing and never leaves Declares himself Emperor Qing Dynasty Established 1664 CE “Manchu Dynasty”


Qing Dynasty: Qing Dynasty Emphasize Manchu Superiority Racial Purity Reserve Manchu homeland for Manchurians only No intermarriage All Chinese men must wear the Manchurian hair style: “que”


Qing Dynasty:Becoming Chinese: Qing Dynasty: Becoming Chinese Adopt Confucian governance Promote Confucian scholarship Build national library of history and philosophy Create encyclopedia of Confucian thought and Chinese history


Qing and the West: Qing and the West Maintain close ties with Jesuits Dominicans and Franciscans enter China @1700 CE


Qing and the West: Qing and the West Dominicans and Franciscans Different from Jesuits Less scholarly More orthodox Focus on converting the masses Intolerant of “uncivilized” Chinese Ancestor Veneration IS ancestor worship and is a heresy, violating the First Two Commandments


Catholic Christianity in China: 1700s: Catholic Christianity in China: 1700s Animosity: Jesuits VS Dominicans and Franciscans Root problems: Fundamentally different approach to religion Power struggle Symptoms: Ancestor Veneration issue Translation of “God” into Chinese Characters


Catholic Christianity in China: 1700s: Catholic Christianity in China: 1700s “God” character??? Jesuits prefer one Character Dominicans and Franciscans pick another Jesuits appeal to Emperor – win at court Dominicans and Franciscans appeal to the Pope – win in the Vatican


Catholic Christianity in China: 1700s: Catholic Christianity in China: 1700s Emperor incensed that a barbarian “king” (Pope) should presume to interfere in an issue of Chinese language Pope incensed that an uncivilized “king” (Chinese Emperor) would presume to meddle in the sacred business of God’s Church


British East India Company: Tea and Opium: British East India Company: Tea and Opium British East India Company Monopoly trading rights to India – Colonial rule Extended to China Chinese Merchant Guild Hong Merchant houses Only 8 licensed to trade with foreigners


British East India Company: Tea and Opium: British East India Company: Tea and Opium Mercantilism: Trade theory that focuses on earning gold or silver Must export more than import


British East India Company: Tea and Opium: British East India Company: Tea and Opium Tea trade Tea demand in England explodes Trade with China is imbalanced Tea trade is net drain in Silver Opium from Afghanistan (then part of British India) sold to China to prevent the outflow of silver from Britain


British East India Company: Tea and Opium: British East India Company: Tea and Opium Opium: Not new to China Expensive drug for wealthy elderly Adam Smith writes The Wealth of Nations English trade policy changes No more monopoly (no more East India Company) New competitive trading companies increase supply of Opium and reduce price


British East India Company: Tea and Opium: British East India Company: Tea and Opium New opium supply is plentiful and cheap China suffers a drug problem Creates a special post to deal with drug problem


Opium War: Opium War Chinese appeal to Britain Request the Queen stop the opium trade British government does not reply China searches British ships Throw opium cargo into the ocean


Opium War: Opium War British declare war: First Opium War 1839 – 1842 British Win Treaty of Nanking (Nanjing) 1842 First Unequal treaty


Treaty of Nanking: Treaty of Nanking Unequal Treaty Extraterritoriality British get special legal status Only answer to British Law, even when in China Most Favored Nation The “me too” clause Open Ports Open Trade Tariffs controlled by treaty, not by China


Treaty of Nanking: Treaty of Nanking Unequal Treaty British Citizens free to travel Free to preach too Protestant Christianity Enters China


Protestants in China: Protestants in China Gunboat mission work Missions enter through treaty Perceived as connected to British military might Forced on China Would such a mission appeal to you?


Protestants in China: Protestants in China Nevius Method: Mission work through service Hospitals, schools, etc. Focus on women and the poor Build independent churches with native pastors and local seminaries


Protestants in China: Protestants in China Protestant and Catholic Missions increase dramatically Contributions: Schools for commoners and girls Translate major works, starting with the Bible into vernacular Chinese Starts a whole new accessible literature Introduce Western science and technology Introduce Western concept of democratic governance


Protestants in China: Protestants in China Complications: Gunboat mission work again? Perception of imperialism Foreign Devils and their bizarre religions Do-Gooder missionaries meet female infanticide / abandonment Orphanages Finders fee Rumors and suspicions Violence


Qing Stagnation: Qing Stagnation Qing Dynasty in the 1800s: At the end of dynastic decline Factionalism Corruption Stagnation Disorder Still the Barbarian Manchu Dynasty


Qing Stagnation: Qing Stagnation Middle Kingdom syndrome: they didn’t need to change Could not conceive of any real threat Landed Gentry held all the real power Gentry are ALWAYS conservative, resist change Militarily and economically behind


Taiping Rebellion1850-1864: Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864 Taiping Rebellion. 1850-64. Taiping Tianguo: Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace. Hong Xiuchuan: Charismatic Leader Christian Inspired “Younger Brother of Jesus” Communal living Chastity Gender Equality


Taiping Rebellion: 1850-1864: Taiping Rebellion: 1850-1864 Massive movement Anti foreign – anti Manchu Qing unable to repress Qing call on British for help British put it down Demand reparations Great Novel: Rebels of the Heavenly Kingdom by Katherine Paterson


1860s: Retrench or Reform?: 1860s: Retrench or Reform? Some reform efforts as people recognize: Need to modernize Need to improve technology Need to reform and revitalize government Resisted by entrenched interests: Imperial Court Confucian Officials Gentry – powerful families/clans


Empress Dowager:Cixi – rules 1861-1898: Empress Dowager: Cixi – rules 1861-1898 Royal concubine whose son becomes emperor at age 5 (first wife had no sons) Rules as regent over her son Staunchly conservative, traditional and backward looking dictator


Cixi: The Empress Dowager: Cixi: The Empress Dowager Child Emperor follows path of debauchery Alcohol and drugs Prostitutes – both female and male Debilitated by dependency Died at 19 of combination of small pox and VD Cixi generally believed to have encouraged debauchery to keep him from challenging her power


Cixi: The Empress Dowager: Cixi: The Empress Dowager Empress characterized as: Dictatorial Vicious Reactionary Names 4-year old nephew as new emperor Continues as regent Both co-regents die …?


Cixi: The Empress Dowager: Cixi: The Empress Dowager Drained Navy’s renovation funds to build new summer palace complete with a marble boat


Cixi: The Empress Dowager: Cixi: The Empress Dowager Retires to Summer Palace in 1889 Emperor (nephew) adopts some reforms Rail roads, telegraphs, etc. 100 Days Reform in 1898 Government and Economic reforms begin Cixi returns from retirement Imprisons emperor on an island in a lake inside the forbidden city Halts reforms Purges and has reformers slaughtered


Cixi: The Empress Dowager: Cixi: The Empress Dowager 1898: Cixi, from her deathbed, orders emperor (nephew) poisoned He dies and she follows within a day China left with another 4-year-old emperor Movie recommendation: The Last Emperor (1987) tells the story of this little boy emperor’s life.


Back to 1800s: Back to 1800s 1894-1895: Sino-Japanese War Trouble in Korea involves China and Japan in war Japan wins easily Japan demands reparations Unequal Treaty


Sino-Japanese War: Sino-Japanese War Japan takes Taiwan and Liaodung Peninsula China humiliated Triple intervention: France, Russia and Germany Germany gets Liaodung Peninsula Japan humiliated


Boxer Rebellion 1898: Boxer Rebellion 1898 Millenarian Movement: Restore China to the Chinese Martial Arts (Shadow Boxing) could make them powerful and invulnerable to bullets even. Deeply anti-foreign. Telegraphs, steam engines, etc. were offending local gods and feng shui Killed Missionaries and Chinese Christians Anti Manchu


Boxer Rebellion 1898: Boxer Rebellion 1898 Foreign Powers enter to stop Boxers Tremendous violence Vengance on Chinese, not just Boxers Reparations demanded Britain demands Hong Kong 99 year lease


Russo-Japanese War1904-1905: Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 Japan defeats Russia Leaves Northern China under Japanese influence Expands Japan’s power Japanese imperialism expands at China’s expense, especially in Manchuria


Sun Yat-sen: Chinese Modernization & Nationalism: Sun Yat-sen: Chinese Modernization & Nationalism Qing Dynasty largely disintegrates after boxer Rebellion and Russo-Japanese war. Chinese in exile plan China’s revival: Especially: Sun Yat-sen in France


Sun Yat-sen: Sun Yat-sen Chinese Nationalist Studies Marxism in France 3 People’s Principles People’s Nationalism People’s Democracy 3 branches like US with Checks and Balances Censorate (undercover investigator) Examination system People’s Livelihood Land Reform Emphasize collective nature of an economy Not really either capitalist or Socialist; vague


Qing Collapse: 1911: Qing Collapse: 1911 Qing Dynasty ends officially in 1911 Young emperor survives No single leader or government Warlord factionalism 1920s Communists and Nationalists emerge to contest leadership Both claim Sun Yat-sen as the father of their movement. Sun survives until 1925 but never really rules china