ICA 2011 Framing analysis of the Iraq War

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Believing what you see or seeing what you believe: A framing analysis of the Iraq War Garen Cansler Dr. Lynn Zoch Dr. Erik Collins University of South Carolina

What we did:

What we did • Identified newspapers • Chose a year - 2003 • Developed a sampling frame • Created a constructed week

Number of photos analyzed:

The New York Times 311 Tehran Times 97 Number of photos analyzed

What we focused on:

What we focused on Focus of the analysis Previous Research: Griffin & Lee, 1995; Griffin, 2004; Larreal, 2004; Rainey, 2005; Trivundza, 2004; Fahmy & Kim, 2008 -People Coalition Soldiers Iraqi Soldiers Iraqi Civilians -Casualties -Weaponry

Visual Framing:

Visual Framing -Visual frames are the messages communicated in a photograph. -When reproduced repeatedly, news frames make selected realities more salient because they are viewed or read more often. -Over time, these frames form a cognitive impression of the people, places and things appearing in the photographs.

Methods used:

Methods used -Two of the researchers conducted a qualitative framing analysis. -Photos were not only clustered by the subjects of the photos but also by the juxtaposition between and among subjects and visual elements.

What to look for:

What to look for -Basic elements make up the overall visual image -Need to identify commonalities in the photos -For example: use and placement of weapons, relative distance between people, background of the photo

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Visual framing of Coalition Soldiers

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Visual framing of Coalition forces Coalition Soldier Iraqi Civilian Tehran Times

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Coalition Soldier Iraqi Civilian Visual framing of Coalition forces The New York Times

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Visual framing of Coalition forces Coalition Soldiers Iraqi Civilians Tehran Times

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Visual framing of Coalition forces Tehran Times

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Visual framing of Coalition forces Tehran Times

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Visual framing of Coalition forces Tehran Times

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Visual framing of Coalition forces Tehran Times

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Visual framing of Coalition forces The New York Times

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Visual framing of Coalition forces The New York Times

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Visual framing of Coalition forces The New York Times

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Visual framing of Coalition forces The New York Times

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Visual framing of Coalition forces The New York Times

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Visual framing of Coalition forces The New York Times

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Visual framing of Coalition forces Tehran Times

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Visual framing of Coalition forces Tehran Times

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Visual framing of Coalition forces Tehran Times

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Visual framing of Coalition forces Tehran Times

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Visual framing of Coalition forces Tehran Times

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Visual framing of Coalition forces The New York Times

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Visual framing of Coalition forces The New York Times

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Tehran Times

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Tehran Times Visual framing of Coalition forces

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Visual framing of Coalition forces Tehran Times

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Visual framing of Coalition forces Tehran Times

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Visual framing of Coalition forces Tehran Times

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Visual framing of Iraqi civilians

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Tehran Times Visual framing of Iraqi civilians

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Visual framing of Iraqi civilians Tehran Times

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Visual framing of Iraqi civilians The New York Times

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Visual framing of Iraqi civilians The New York Times

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Tehran Times Visual framing of Iraqi civilians

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Tehran Times Visual framing of Iraqi civilians

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Tehran Times Visual framing of Iraqi civilians

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Visual framing of Iraqi civilians Tehran Times

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Visual framing of Iraqi civilians Tehran Times

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Visual framing of Iraqi civilians The New York Times

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Visual framing of Iraqi civilians The New York Times

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Visual framing of Iraqi civilians The New York Times

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Visual framing of Iraqi civilians The New York Times

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Visual framing of Iraqi civilians The New York Times

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Visual framing of Iraqi civilians The New York Times

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Visual framing of Iraqi civilians Tehran Times

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Visual framing of Iraqi civilians The New York Times

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Visual framing of Iraqi civilians Tehran Times

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Visual framing of Iraqi civilians Tehran Times

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Visual framing of oil facilities

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Visual framing of oil facilities The New York Times

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Visual framing of oil facilities Tehran Times

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Visual framing of oil facilities Tehran Times

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Visual framing of oil facilities Tehran Times

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Visual framing of casualties

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Visual framing of casualties Tehran Times

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Visual framing of casualties The New York Times

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Visual framing of casualties The New York Times

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Visual framing of casualties Tehran Times

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Building News Frames The New York Times Tehran Times Iraq War

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Tehran Times

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The New York Times

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Griffin & Lee, 1995 Griffin, 2004 Larreal, 2004 Rainey, 2005 Trivundza, 2004 Fahmy & Kim, 2008