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Untreated direct wastewater use; a Pakistan case study: 

Untreated direct wastewater use; a Pakistan case study Jeroen Ensink IWMI

Pakistan: 

Pakistan Population: 140 million (Census 1998), expected population 2025: 280 million. Climate arid to semi arid 40 million people live in brackish to saline groundwater areas Regular irrigation performance low

Untreated wastewater use in Pakistan:: 

Untreated wastewater use in Pakistan: Agricultural wastewater use occurred in all towns and cities (>10,000 inhabitants) visited Different reasons for use Lahore, Faisalabad, Haroonabad Only 9% of cities had WW treatment facilities Used wastewater always untreated Total (initial) estimate for Pakistan 50,000 hectares and > 49,000 farmers

Nation-wide survey (cont.): 

Nation-wide survey (cont.) Wastewater in 50% of the cases sold by municipality or WASA to farmers Land rent up to six times higher as for regular land Court cases To get access to wastewater (Faisalabad) To stop access to wastewater (Quetta) To have farmers pay for wastewater (Lahore)

IWMI’s Pakistan Case studies: 

IWMI’s Pakistan Case studies Haroonabad (1999-2000) 65,000 inhabitants, no industry Faisalabad (2001-2002) >2 million inhabitants, major industrial center Groundwater brackish Wastewater untreated Crops: vegetables, fodder, wheat and cotton

Study Outcome (1)Heavy metals: 

Study Outcome (1) Heavy metals

Conclusions heavy metals: 

Conclusions heavy metals Haroonabad Heavy metal accumulation not an issue Increased levels of lead at main ww-site very likely attributable to the Bus-stand Faisalabad Wastewater use at channel 4 site not sustainable; decreased yields, decreased crop diversity, increased soil salinity

Study Outcome (2)Water &nutrients balance: 

Study Outcome (2) Water &nutrients balance

Study outcome (3a)Cross-sectional health studies: 

Study outcome (3a) Cross-sectional health studies

Study outcome (3b)Vector breeding (% +ve samples): 

Study outcome (3b) Vector breeding (% +ve samples)

Study Outcome (4)Household cost and income: 

Study Outcome (4) Household cost and income

Wastewater-Use & Management Issues in Pakistan: 

Wastewater-Use & Management Issues in Pakistan No enforcement of industrial effluent disposal standards No national wastewater use guidelines; instead a farmer knows best approach Farmers seem to prefer untreated wastewater instead of more “saline” treated wastewater Wastewater is sold by municipalities, farmers happy to buy ww: a win-win situation no incentive for change

WHO 1993 vs WHO 1989/2003?: 

WHO 1993 vs WHO 1989/2003? Localized health risk vs Dispersed health risks

Slide14: 

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