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Slide1 : Micro Renewable Energy Sources for the Rural Communities in Developing Countries By Syndicate Group 3


DID YOU KNOW? : DID YOU KNOW? The population of South Africa comprises 47 million. 15.3 million do not have sanitation. 15.45 million use wood for energy. South Africa is water scarce country.


Introduction of Members : Introduction of Members Reconnoitre – researches environment for new opportunities and threats: Lina Laranjeira and Maite Nkoana-Mashabane Navigator – directs and analyse solution researched: Robert Viljoen Handyman – controls the operations and logistics functions within the COP: Fhatuwani Ramagwede Shepherd – facilitates knowledge practises in the COP: Sam Mahlangu Gatekeeper – trades knowledge in and out of the COP: Oupa Ratsiane


Five Dimensions of Creativity : Five Dimensions of Creativity Following the 5 dimensions of Creativity (Torrance, 1984): Fluency – maximum idea generation Originality – identify new and original ideas Highlighting the essence – analyse the chosen idea Elaboration – gather more information on the idea and developed into a product Resistance to premature closure – developed and scrutinized the best and worst ideas to get to the final product. The COP decided to investigate and analyse Energy sources and Waste management as our two main options to develop our value proposition.


Slide5 : WASTE MANAGEMENT BI-PRODUCT OF WASTE ENERGY EFFICIENCY COMBINATION OF DIFFERENT ENERGY SOURCES Lightning – Research how to store it Wind (Harvest) Solar (Harvest) Minerals – Coal (Short term solution) Mineral – Uranium (Bi Product of Mining) – Short term solution Water – Mineral (Harvest) Group 3 - Storming Bio-Energy Geothermal (Research) Industrial Domestic Nuclear Waste (Research) Mining (rehabilitation) Carbon Fuels: Ethanol Bio Diesel Nano Tech Compost SCENARIOS Regulations for environment move towards Bio-Fuels Consultancy Company operating Internationally 80% Research 20% Knowledge Sellers


Refining : Refining The COP further discussed and analyzed the different types of waste management options and opted to develop the value proposition using the following renewable energy sources: Human Excreta Landfill Gas Solar Micro Wind Micro Hydro


Slide7 : RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE Wind Farms - Farming Micro Hydro Solar: Solar Cookers Solar Panels Solar Power Landfill Gas Human Excreta Biomass: Soya Beans NORMING: RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES


Value Proposition : Value Proposition The use of micro renewable energy as an alternative to fossil fuels. Renewable sources of energy are those sources of energy available to us that arise from natural processes and are regularly replenished. It is estimated that more than 10% of energy in South Africa is generated by renewable sources, with most of it being off-grid energy. Focusing on rural communities and developing countries.


“The GAP” : Fossil fuels not environmental friendly, not renewable and produces carbon monoxide. Approximately 50 years of coal left in South Africa (SA) if we keep going at current pace. Fossil fuels cause air pollution, which in turn causes land and river pollution when it rains. It also contributes to the greenhouse effect, causing global warming. Limited amount of fossil fuels current estimated oil reserves of 30 to 50 years. “The GAP”


Electricity Crisis in South Africa : Electricity Crisis in South Africa South Africa government goal is to establish a sustainable renewable energy industry by 2013. According to Eskom if they keep up current electricity growth of 2.0-3.0%, they will run out of excess capacity by 2007, and excess base load by 2010. Gives opportunity for independent power produces to provide for SA generating needs. This highlights the need for alternative and renewable energy sources.


World Trends : World Trends The change in the world trend towards environmental friendly alternative energy sources offers SA an opportunity to attract investment in renewable energy and energy efficiency projects. Investment in the renewable energy has gone up from USD 30 billion in 2004 to USD 38 billion last year, 2005. According to REN21, the Renewable Energy Policy Network, wind power capacity grew by 24% in 2005 to reach 59 GW, and ten countries added over 300 MW of wind power, up from five countries that had done so in 2004. Based on the current world trend and SA’s needs to find alternative energies, we have identified certain alternative energies which will meet the need of our rural communities.


Slide12 : Former United States President Clinton announced the launch of an investment fund expected to raise more than $1 billion for renewable energy. "The earth is warming at an alarming rate, we are running out of fossil fuels, and it is long past time for us to take action to correct these problems," Clinton said. “This is also a tremendous opportunity and there are countless good new jobs to be created in the field of green energy.”


Legislation : Legislation SA Legislation is guided by international treaties and protocol. SA is a pro multilateralism country, Pro United Nations (UN), committed to Kyoto protocol and out of that we hosted the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Conference. There as been a great increase by a number of countries with targets and mandates for bio-fuels – ethanol and bio-diesel mixed with conventional fuels. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), is part of the Kyoto Protocol, which is designed to help industrialised countries to take action to reduce emissions, by supporting sustainable development projects in developing countries.


Opportunity : Villages in remote areas are still without energies, even if fossil fuel energy had to be extended to them it would not be sustainable due to the economy of scale in those areas. By introducing renewable energy sources such as re-utilization of Human excreta, this will give access to adequate and affordable energy for developing communities at reasonable costs. Provide jobs opportunities to the local communities through the implementation of the relevant micro energy sources. Opportunity


Amandla Renewable Energy Consultants : Amandla Renewable Energy Consultants Amandla – Nguni word meaning “Power”, which ties in with our consultancy vision – “ Giving Power to the Powerless”. Our business is unique as it focuses on specific target markets and selective Micro Renewable Energies will be implemented according to the natural resources available in the specific target market area.


Vision : Vision “What do we want to become?” Company that provides alternative energy to millions of previously disadvantaged people by using renewable energy resources


Mission : Mission “What is our business?” Amandla’s mission is to provide energy through renewable energy sources to rural communities and at the same time ensuring decent sanitation and/or waste management.


Values and Principles : Values and Principles To respect the cultures and values of the different communities by: Respecting the rights and dignity of the customer Always doing business with integrity Openness and transparency in all dealings


Slide19 : Amandla’s Renewable Energy Cycle Model Landfill gas Methane = Energy NH4 = Urea C02 = Dry Ice Food Industry Solar Sun = Heat Natural heating resource Wind Kinetic Energy Natural Energy Resource FREE AVAILABLE Human Excreta Methane = Energy Biogas = Heat and light Water H2O Power, Energy, Life Figure 1: Natural Circle of Life, “Renewable Energy Cycle”, Laranjeira L., Mahlangu S., Nkoana-Mashabane M., Ramagwede F., Ratsiane O. and Viljoen R., (25 September 2006), Johannesburg.


Human Excreta (15.3 million) : Biogas from human excreta will be used as a source of energy. Biogas plant effluent can be used as manure or discharged safely into any river or water body without causing pollution. Need to couple provision of hygienic sanitation, renewable energy and water conservation. South Africa is a water-scarce country and the provision of full flush toilets is a challenge for local government. Pit-latrines are not lined and at times do not follow proper building regulations during constructions causing contamination of water. Most of our public areas within rural communities do not have proper sanitation facilities, e.g. Moria Zion Christian Church. 3.8 million households in RSA do not have access to sanitation. Human Excreta (15.3 million)


Technology : Construction of toilets using the Sulabh Sanitation Technology (Indian Model). The Sulabh flush compost toilet is eco-friendly, technically appropriate, socio culturally acceptable and economically affordable. Technology


Slide22 : Diagram of Sulabh Two-pit Pourflush Water-seal Toilet System


COST : Costs based on activities done by Sulabh assisted by the Indian government. Total project cost including the 10kw engine was $19 500, (±R140,000) plus subsidy from the department dealing with Energy matters: Toilets, including superstructure and accessories. Biogas plants, including digesters and gas holders. Gas distribution and utilization systems including machine room, dual fuel engine. Slurry handling system, including drying beds, storage pits, slurry pumps, slurry disposal systems. COST


CONCLUSION : CONCLUSION Biogas generated from human waste is important not only as an alternate source of energy but also for the improvement of sanitation, health, and the environment. Educational awareness campaigns will be run to assist communities who may have negative sentiments towards this method due to either religious and/or cultural beliefs.


Landfill gas : Landfill gas Landfill gas is compressed, cooled and dehydrated then transported by pipeline to locations for use as fuel for boilers or burners. Landfill is a method to dispose of solid waste on land. Landfill gas contains 50% methane, 45% carbon dioxide, and also other traces of gas such as nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen sulphide and water vapour.


Benefits and Uses : Benefits and Uses Can be used for household electricity generation. Diesel replacement in vehicles. Domestic heating and cooking. Separated CO2 can be processed to high quality food grade. Ammonia and urea can be useful in agriculture as fertilizer.


Feasibility : Feasibility In South Africa the potential for landfill gas exists in large municipality which generate large amount of waste. AECI is already working on a project in Johannesburg. The Idea is to have a large enough landfill which can be harvested.


Technology : Technology Landfill gas is not pure as it comprises of other constituents such as halogen sulphide, halogenated organics, siloxanes. All these need to be removed from the gas via a suitable technology. In-engine and post-combustion treatment may also be required to be able to address the problems of NO, CO, and HCI/HF. All these treatments require special technology which may result in rendering the project costly.


Cost : Cost It can cost anything from R7million to set up a plant The installation of the sulphur scrubbing plant is from R623,200.00. Annual operations cost can cost anything from R608,000.00. To run the Wet desulphurization anything from R170 million for a 1MW engine. The high costs of running this project may render this option to costly to use as an alternative for the purpose of this project.


Legislation : Legislation The landfill will have to comply with the municipality requirements and also the environmental acts addressing the gas and dust problems.


Solar : Solar Solar thermal power generation. Solar passive building design. Solar water heating. Solar space heating. Solar cookers. Agricultural use – crop drying, green houses etc. Electricity (photovoltaic) generation. Solar heating pumps.


Feasibility : Feasibility Solar resource is by far the most readily accessible renewable energy source in South Africa. In South Africa annual 24 hour global solar radiation average is about 220 W/m2 (watts per metre squared) compared to about 150 W/m2 for parts of United States and about 100 W/m2 Europe and the United Kingdom. The number of households in developing countries using solar cookers and heaters tripled to more than 10 million.


Technology : Technology The following can be implemented on a small-scale in rural communities: Flat-plate solar-energy collectors Solar dish Solar cookers


Cost : Cost Solar technology, except for solar cookers, is relatively expensive when compared to grid electricity. However is a viable option in remote areas where connection to the national grid is not possible. With greater demand prices may come down.


Wind : Wind Focus on small-scale wind energy. Costs of producing electricity from wind is slightly higher than conventional power generation technology. Wind energy one of the fastest growing industries in the world. Wind turbine is a device that taps the renewable kinetic energy of blowing wind and converts it into useable mechanical, electrical or thermal energy.


Benefits and Uses : Benefits and Uses Wind turbines can effectively replace diesel and petrol generators that provide power in rural and pre-urban areas situated far from the national grid. Promote rural development. Create new employment opportunities. Liberate millions of people from the burden of travelling long distances daily to fetch water. Increased agricultural yield due to irrigation (not solely dependant on rains).


Feasibility : Feasibility In SA moderate wind power potential areas - Eastern Highveld Plateau, Bushmanland, Drakensburg foothills in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. Areas with low wind power potential – folded mountain belt, Western and Southern Highveld Plateau, Bushveld basin, Lowveld, Northern Plateau, Limpopo basin, Kalahari basin, Cape Middleveld and Kwa-Zulu Natal interior.


Technology : Technology Any type or size of windmill or wind turbine can be utilised. Wind turbines can be connected to a pump or small generator.


Cost: : Cost: Only costs involved are the initial setup and maintenance of the wind turbine. Energy of wind is “FREE”.


HYDRO : HYDRO Micro Hydro is the conversion of flowing water into energy. Water from small dams, strong flowing streams are diverted from small rivers and streams through pipes to electricity generating plants. Micro Hydro schemes can provide power for industrial, agricultural and domestic uses through direct mechanical power or by the coupling of the turbine to a generator to produce electricity.


Benefits and Uses : Benefits and Uses The Energy Current supplied to consumer can be limited according to the load limiters in proportion to a fix cost per month to the consumer. The involvement of communities in the electrification of the villages instills community ownership of the process. It creates jobs for local communities.


Feasibility : Feasibility Micro hydro energy can be used where there are steep rivers flowing all year round, e.g. the hill areas of countries with high year round rainfall, or the great mountain ranges and their foothills. Micro hydro requires consistent flow rate of water which may be a problem for SA.


Technology : Technology In micro hydro systems water turns a wheel or a runner to rotate a turbine an produce electricity. Wheels come in different shapes and sizes depending on the site and type of turbine. There are two types of micro hydro turbines: impulse and reaction.


Cost : Cost With a suitable water source micro hydro may be the most cost effective form of renewable electricity. For an alternative current (AC) unit, the cost of electricity produced over the lifetime of the unit should be cheaper than extending the mains power grid or installing other stand alone systems.


Slide45 : Identified using the five dimensions of creativity Fluency Originality Elaboration Highlighting the essence Resistance to premature closure High level value proposition document High level of investigation of different options Waste Management Wing Solar Coal Uranium Water Geothermal Bio Energy Landfill Gas Initial business case Benefits, usages, technology, legislation, implementation and costs on the following renewable sources: Small Scale Wind Hydro Micro Solar – Cooker & Panels Waste – Human excreta, Industrial & Domestic Landfill Gas Individual research report Collective and consolidated research report Draft presentation SWOT Analysis report Finalise Concept Compile final presentation Compile final research report Register Copyright NGO for awareness campaign and run trial Compile PESTLIED Model: “Framework for Assessing Country Risk” as input to expanding into Southern African Developing Communities (SADC) and other developing countries Trial results Ready for service review report PESTLIED Model Report Launch full marketable plan to the whole Government Close the deal Depletion of Fossil Fuels resources International drive towards renewable energy Environmental friendly Brainstormed the idea and refined it to the current value proposition Review concept and research resource options Identify possible partners and customers for trial run Ensure value proposition is ready for implementation Confirm launch date Create new value proposition from knowledge obtained Adept for other developing countries Get feedback from NGO on the success of the implementation Get feedback on the value added from communities and consumers Post-Implementation Review (PIR) Report RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES – Unexploited opportunities Final Presentation Final Research report Get Copyright Figure 2: Amandla’s Project Model. (Source: Adapted from Butterick, R. (2004), The Project Workout third edition, Harlow: Pearson.)


Cost Analysis : Cost Analysis The only input cost for the value proposition will be the cost of the time spent by the COP to investigate, analyse and compile the value proposal document and presentation. There are no other input costs as we are a consulting company without any assets or the requirement for raw materials.


Conclusion : Conclusion Amandla Renewable Energy Consultants will provide solutions for alternative renewable energy sources to rural communities of developing countries through the government and their NGO’s. We can ensure access to affordable alternative energy for rural areas and the management of waste at the same time. Our goal is to empower the powerless in our rural areas.


Energy gives life : Energy gives life AMANDLA!


References : References Jha PK, Recycling and re-use of human excreta from public toilets through biogas generation to improve sanitation, community health and environment. Pathak B., Role of Sulagh Sustainable Technologies to Improve Environment and Health. (International Conference for Integrating Urban Knowledge and Practice – May 29- June 3 2005. Gothenburg Sweden. Fouhy B., (2006): “Clinton Raises Billions for World Issues”, http://wtop.com/?sid=917318&nid=104, The Associated Press, 27 September 2006.