DNA Biodiversity SS KC

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Science and Plants for Schools, SSERC DNA Profiling and Biodiversity Kath Crawford

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Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh - Michelle Hollingsworth (Japanese knotweed) - Pete Hollingsworth (Epipactis youngiana) - Mark Hughes (Reforestation projects) Scottish Initiative for Biotechnology (SIBE) Dr Jan Barfoot DNA profiling and biodiversity Thanks to: University of Edinburgh Post-graduate science communication team

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Plant biodiversity through DNA profiling 14:00-14:20 Introduction Set up restriction digest 14:20-14:50 Restriction digest Photosynthesis: Results of algal balls 14:50-15:20 Loading wells Setting up electrophoresis tanks 15:20-15:50 Running gels Demonstration – pouring gels Theory 15:50-16:15 Staining and observing gels This afternoon’s activities

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Offer hands-on experience of carrying out DNA restriction and electrophoresis suitable for use with post-16 students Increase awareness and understanding of the use of DNA profiling in ecological applications Simulate exercises in the use of DNA profiling in biodiversity applications Explore how such practical work may support A Curriculum for Excellence This afternoon’s activities - aims

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Plant biodiversity through DNA Profiling This afternoon’s activities three scenarios: DNA profiling and Japanese knotweed (yellow microtubes) DNA profiling and the characterisation of British orchids (blue microtubes) DNA profiling and reforestation projects (green microtubes) Work in teams of six people, split into pairs, Each pair to carry out one scenario. At end, each pair to describe the scenario, results and any conclusions to the rest of the team of six.

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Using the microsyringes

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Using the microsyringes Never pull the plunger out of the microsyringe Before loading, pull out the plunger a little (1 – 2 mm) When dispensing liquid, hold the microsyringe as near to vertical as possible and at eye level Remove the droplet of liquid from the end of the microsyringe tip by touching the inner wall of the microtube Do not touch the point of the microsyringe tip with your fingers

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Dispensing the DNA sample Put a clean tip on the microsyringe Put 20 μL of G1, L, or K1 into tube containing dried restriction enzyme Mix by drawing liquid up and down a few times even blue colour! Cap tube tightly with a lid Repeat steps above for other DNA samples Put samples into a floating rack

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Incubation Check that the tubes are firmly capped, then incubate them in a water bath at 37 ° C for 30 min Meanwhile, look at the results of your photosynthesis practical

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Loading the gel Your gel has been supplied covered with TBE buffer and with comb in place. Very gently, ease the comb from the gel. Put a clean tip on the microsyringe. Add 2 μL of loading dye to the tube containing DNA. Mix well by drawing the mixture up and down in the microsyringe tip.

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Loading the gel

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Running the gel

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The scenarios

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Japanese knotweed Fallopia japonica syn, Polyganum cuspidatum Native to Japan, Taiwan, N China Introduced to UK in 1800s as ornamental plant Now widespread in British isles - reproduces only asexually in Britain - overruns British native plants - causes damage - difficult to eradicate Categorised as invasive, non-native species and deliberate spread prohibited; classified as controlled waste Important to understand genetics

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Conservation of British orchids Biodiversity action plans to honour ‘Convention on Biological Diversity’ Epipactis youngiana – first described in 1980s - found on mine spoil heaps in Northumberland and Glasgow - thought to be new species - given full conservation status Limited resources for conservation purposes Is E. youngiana a new species or a variant of E. helleborine?

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Reforestation projects Oak species are a major component of European forest resource - provide habitat for other organisms FAIROAK project to create map of oak genetic resources across Europe - sampled ctDNA of oaks across Europe - provided solid scientific information for use in development of conservation policies Which seed to choose for reforestation project?

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The practical - materials Uses materials from the NCBE’s modular kits - gel tanks, 6-tooth combs, microsyringes, calibrated microsyringe tips, carbon fibre electrode material, high-grade agarose, buffers, Azure A DNA stain Uses restriction enzymes and DNA from the NCBE’s ‘Nature’s Dice’ kit - BamH1 - DNA

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The practical – the truth about the DNA samples Three bacterial plasmids of different sizes Plasmids mixed to give three DNA preparations (Mix 1, 2 and 3) Each plasmid - single site for BamH1 - treatment with BamH1 cuts circular DNA to form a linear fragment that gives a single band after electrophoresis

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The practical – the truth about the DNA samples DNA negatively charged Gel porous When voltage applied, DNA molecules move through gel towards positive electrode DNA molecules separated by size

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Staining the gel

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Staining the gel Rinse the surface of the gel very carefully with cold distilled or deionised water. Pour the water away. Put the gel in a plastic bag to prevent it drying out, then leave to develop.