oct11 cs533d slides

Notes: 

Notes No lecture Thursday (apologies)

Mass-spring problems: 

Mass-spring problems [anisotropy] [stretching, Poisson’s ratio] So we will instead look for a generalization of “percent deformation” to multiple dimensions: elasticity theory

Studying Deformation: 

Studying Deformation Let’s look at a deformable object World space: points x in the object as we see it Object space (or rest pose): points p in some reference configuration of the object (Technically we might not have a rest pose, but usually we do, and it is the simplest parameterization) So we identify each point x of the continuum with the label p, where x=X(p) The function X(p) encodes the deformation

Going back to 1D: 

Going back to 1D Worked out that dX/dp-1 was the key quantity for measuring stretching and compression Nice thing about differentiating: constants (translating whole object) don’t matter Call A= X/p the deformation gradient

Strain: 

Strain A isn’t so handy, though it somehow encodes exactly how stretched/compressed we are Also encodes how rotated we are: who cares? We want to process A somehow to remove the rotation part [difference in lengths] ATA-I is exactly zero when A is a rigid body rotation Define Green strain

Why the half??: 

Why the half?? [Look at 1D, small deformation] A=1+ ATA-I = A2-1 = 2+2 ≈ 2 Therefore G ≈ , which is what we expect Note that for large deformation, Green strain grows quadratically - maybe not what you expect! Whole cottage industry: defining strain differently

Cauchy strain tensor: 

Cauchy strain tensor Get back to linear, not quadratic Look at “small displacement” Not only is the shape only slightly deformed, but it only slightly rotates (e.g. if one end is fixed in place) Then displacement x-p has gradient D=A-I Then And for small displacement, first term negligible Cauchy strain Symmetric part of displacement gradient Rotation is skew-symmetric part

Analyzing Strain: 

Analyzing Strain Strain is a 3x3 “tensor” (fancy name for a matrix) Always symmetric What does it mean? Diagonalize: rotate into a basis of eigenvectors Entries (eigenvalues) tells us the scaling on the different axes Sum of eigenvalues (always equal to the trace=sum of diagonal, even if not diagonal): approximate volume change Or directly analyze: off-diagonals show skew (also known as shear)

Force: 

Force In 1D, we got the force of a spring by simply multiplying the strain by some material constant (Young’s modulus) In multiple dimensions, strain is a tensor, but force is a vector… And in the continuum limit, force goes to zero anyhow---so we have to be a little more careful

Conservation of Momentum: 

Conservation of Momentum In other words F=ma Decompose body into “control volumes” Split F into fbody (e.g. gravity, magnetic forces, …) force per unit volume and traction t (on boundary between two chunks of continuum: contact force) dimensions are force per unit area (like pressure)

Cauchy’s Fundamental Postulate: 

Cauchy’s Fundamental Postulate Traction t is a function of position x and normal n Ignores rest of boundary (e.g. information like curvature, etc.) Theorem If t is smooth (be careful at boundaries of object, e.g. cracks) then t is linear in n: t=(x)n  is the Cauchy stress tensor (a matrix) It also is force per unit area Diagonal: normal stress components Off-diagonal: shear stress components

Cauchy Stress: 

Cauchy Stress From conservation of angular momentum can derive that Cauchy stress tensor  is symmetric:  = T Thus there are only 6 degrees of freedom (3D) In 2D, only 3 degrees of freedom What is ? That’s the job of constitutive modeling Depends on the material (e.g. water vs. steel vs. silly putty)

Divergence Theorem: 

Divergence Theorem Try to get rid of integrals First make them all volume integrals with divergence theorem: Next let control volume shrink to zero: Note that integrals and normals were in world space, so is the divergence (it’s w.r.t. x not p)

Constitutive Modeling: 

Constitutive Modeling This can get very complicated for complicated materials Let’s start with simple elastic materials We’ll even leave damping out Then stress  only depends on strain, however we measure it (say G or )

Linear elasticity: 

Linear elasticity Very nice thing about Cauchy strain: it’s linear in deformation No quadratic dependence Easy and fast to deal with Natural thing is to make a linear relationship with Cauchy stress  Then the full equation is linear!

Young’s modulus: 

Young’s modulus Obvious first thing to do: if you pull on material, resists like a spring: =E E is the Young’s modulus Let’s check that in 1D (where we know what should happen with springs)

Example Young’s Modulus: 

Example Young’s Modulus Some example values for common materials: (VERY approximate) Aluminum: E=70 GPa =0.34 Concrete: E=23 GPa =0.2 Diamond: E=950 GPa =0.2 Glass: E=50 GPa =0.25 Nylon: E=3 GPa =0.4 Rubber: E=1.7 MPa =0.49… Steel: E=200 GPa =0.3

Poisson Ratio: 

Poisson Ratio Real materials are essentially incompressible (for large deformation - neglecting foams and other weird composites…) For small deformation, materials are usually somewhat incompressible Imagine stretching block in one direction Measure the contraction in the perpendicular directions Ratio is , Poisson’s ratio [draw experiment; ]

What is Poisson’s ratio? : 

What is Poisson’s ratio? Has to be between -1 and 0.5 0.5 is exactly incompressible [derive] Negative is weird, but possible [origami] Rubber: close to 0.5 Steel: more like 0.33 Metals: usually 0.25-0.35 What should cork be?