African Union 2050

Slide1: 

Implementation of the 2007 Policy Recommendations The African Union by 2050

The G-8 and its 4 Commissions: 

The G-8 and its 4 Commissions International Relations (Sub-)Regional Integration Political Systems and Stateness Legal and Institutional Framework Goal: a Union worth its name!

The International Dimension(Isabella Manassarian & Sean Müller): 

The International Dimension (Isabella Manassarian & Sean Müller) The concept of „spheres of influence“ Components Actors Challenges Geography matters Recommendations/Solutions Implementation of AU objectives New institutional bodies

Spheres of Influence: 

Spheres of Influence

ColonialPast: 

Colonial Past A linguistic cleavage?

Resources: 

Resources Curse or blessing?

Security: 

Security Franco-American Cold War ongoing?

Slide8: 

Foreign military presence in resource-rich countries?

Slide9: 

Foreign military presence in former colonies?

Peace: 

Peace A function of absence of democracy?

DevelopmentAid: 

Development Aid Hampering progress?

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Foreign aid to war-torn societies?

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Foreign aid to former colonies?

InternationalOrganisations: 

International Organisations Trojan Horses?

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Cross-cutting ties of the past and of now?

Recommendations: 

Recommendations

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Sub-Regional & Regional Groups (Nancy Azar & Asmaa Salem)

Slide18: 

50 years ago, the proposal focused on how to make regional integration processes and institutions more people-centered –what some described as “the missing link” for effective regional integration. And here we are, in 2050, achieving an integrated, prosperous and peaceful Africa, driven by its own citizens, a dynamic force in the global arena.

Map of Africa showing various regional groupings (more than 10 groups) : 

Map of Africa showing various regional groupings (more than 10 groups)

African sub regional groupings : 

African sub regional groupings Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) CEN SAD (Community of Sahel-Saharan States) 1998  Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) 1983 Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) 1986

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The COMESA, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa 1994 Southern African Development Community (SADC) 1992 East African Community (EAC) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) – 1975 The most effective regional groups

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Member states: 5 Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi Rwanda (common history, culture and infrastructure) Objectives: Economic co-operation and development with a strong focus on the social dimension. Co-operation in political matters, including defence, security, foreign affairs, legal and judicial affairs. EAC (East African Community) 1999

Ecowas (The Economic Community Of West African States) 1975 : 

Ecowas (The Economic Community Of West African States) 1975 Member states:15 Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo Objectives: To promote economic integration in all fields of economic activity To achieve "collective self-sufficiency" for the member states by means of economic and monetary union, creating a single large trading bloc To prevent and settle regional conflicts.

SADC (Southern African Development Community) 1992: 

SADC (Southern African Development Community) 1992 Member states: 15  Angola, Botswana ,Lesotho ,Malawi Mozambique  Swaziland ,Tanzania ,Zambia Zimbabwe ,Namibia South Africa ,Mauritius, Congo,  Seychelles& Madagascar. Objectives: to reduce Member States dependence, particularly, but not only, on apartheid South Africa to implement programs and projects with national and regional impact to mobilize Member States' resources to secure international understanding and support.

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Member states:20 Angola,Burundi,Comoros,Congo, Djibouti,Egypt,Eritrea,Ethiopia Kenya,Libya,Madagascar, Malawi  ,Mauritius Rwanda,Seychelles,Sudan,Swaziland,Uganda Zambia & Zimbabwe. Objectives: -to co-operate in developing their natural and human resources for the good of all their people -to promote peace and security in the region -to form a large economic and trading unit. The COMESA, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa 1994

Map of Africa showing various regional groupings (more than 10 groups) : 

Map of Africa showing various regional groupings (more than 10 groups)

Achievements: 

Achievements A lot has been achieved in SADC since its inception. Some of the foremost achievements of SADC have been: to put in place a regional programme of action - the SADC Programme of Action - which covers cooperation in various economic sectors (agriculture, trade, migration, international relations, social welfare…)

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COMESA offers its members and partners a wide range of benefits also which include: A Free Trade Area by removing all internal trade tariffs and barriers A wider, harmonised and more competitive market Greater industrial and agricultural productivity and competitiveness A more rational exploitation of natural resources More harmonised monetary, banking and financial policies

Challenges: 

Challenges African countries face many social, development, economic, trade, education, health, diplomatic, defence, security and political challenges. Some of the regional groups are under-resourced States juggling multiple commitments Lack of enforcement mechanisms in treaties and agreements

Slide30: 

Excessive control by the executive branches and the heads of states. Impact of regional integration on areas such as citizenship and identity Lack of research and knowledge about regional integration The question of accountability, the sharing of information and transparency The Rule of Law (democraty,human rights)

Mechanisms used to achieve the objectives of regional groups: 

Mechanisms used to achieve the objectives of regional groups • promotion of good governance • promotion of peace, security and stability within the region • Trade liberalisation and Customs co-operation

Slide32: 

Improving the administration of transport and communications Creating an enabling environment and legal framework which will encourage the growth of the private sector and civil society Development of networking among these regional groups.

Integration…… a MUST!: 

Integration… … a MUST!

Political Regimes: 

Political Regimes Statehood, Sovereignty, and Democratic Development (Joyce Abarbanel & Barbora Klimakova)

Key Issues of 2000: 

Key Issues of 2000 How can the AU function democratically when member states are undemocratic? Is it possible to have a functioning AU if the member states are failed states and dependent on foreign assistance? If the same people setting the criteria are those required to fulfill it, what will the criteria look like and will it be fulfilled?

Challenges of 2000 : 

Challenges of 2000 1. Challenges to a functioning state: - Political aspects: political will, corruption, democracy, leadership, stability - Economic aspects: development, resource distribution, infrastructure and public service - Social aspects: Overcome religious and ethnic cleavages, equity, human rights, justice, health and education, population movements, brain drain 2. Challenges to Independent Development: UN presence, foreign aid, capacity

Slide37: 

Gabon - Omar Bongo, 1967 – 40 years Libya - Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, 1969 – 38 years Guinea - M. Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, 1979 – 28 years Angola - M. José Edouardo Dos Santos, 1979 – 28 years Egypt - Mr. Mohammed Hosny Mubarak, 1981 – 26 years Cameroun - M. Paul Biya, 1982 – 25 years Republic of Guinea - Le Général Lansana Conté, 1984 – 23 years Uganda - Mr. Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, 1986 – 21 years Zimbabwe - Robert Gabriel Mugabe, 1987 – 20 years Sudan - Mr. Omar Hassan Ahmed El bashir, 1989 – 18 years Chad - M. Idriss Deby, 1990 – 17 years Eritrea - Mr. Isaias Afwerki, 1993 – 14 years According to a report prepared for the African Union $148 billion US a year are taken by ruling elites while national budgets are often total less than $1 billion a year

Conflicts: 

Conflicts Recently emerging from internally driven conflict: Darfur/Sudan - ongoing Somalia - ongoing Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo – ongoing (Rwanda, Uganda) Uganda – ongoing (LRA) Democratic Republic of Congo - 2003 Angola - 2002 Burundi – 2005 (ongoing) Eritrean-Ethiopian – 2000 Sierra Leone – 2003 Liberia - 2003 Ivory Coast - 2004 South Sudan - 2005 Central African republic – 2007 Since independence until 2001 there have been over eighty violent or unconstitutional changes of government

Statistics: 

Statistics Of the 177 countries on the UNDP’s Human Development Index, the bottom twenty four are all African, as are 36 of the bottom 40. According to the Economic Commission for Africa’s Economic Report in 2005: total population living below $1 a day In Canada, we spend annually approximately $3,000 per capita on public and private health care; Malawi spends $13, Rwanda $7, Ethiopia $5. In Canada, annual drug spending per capita is $681; in Africa it’s $2. Canada has 214 physicians per 100,000 people, Ghana, one of the continent’s more stable countries, has 15 Every week an estimated 130,000 Africans die of causes that, in most cases, are easily preventable Across southern Africa, the spread of HIV/AIDS threatens the existence of Lesotho, Swaziland, Botswana, and Zambia; South Africa, has the highest incidents than anywhere else save for India Zimbabwe lowest life expectancy in the world: since 1990 dropped from 60 to 37/34 years – 2006 41% illiteracy (UNESCO)

Top 20 Failed States 2007: 

Top 20 Failed States 2007 1. Sudan 2. Iraq 3. Somalia 4. Zimbabwe 5. Chad 6. Cote d’Ivoire 7. Democratic Republic Congo 8. Afghanistan 9. Guinea 10. Central African Republic 11. Haiti 12. Pakistan 13. North Korea 14. Burma/Myanmar 15. Uganda 16. Bangladesh 17. Nigeria 18. Ethiopia 19. Burundi 20. East Timor http://www.fundforpeace.org/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=229&Itemid=366

Security and Financial Dependency: 

Security and Financial Dependency MONUC Since November 1999 UN Mission DRC Total personnel 21,972 Approved budget 07/06–06/07: $1,094.25 million UNMEE Since July 2000 UN Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea Total personnel 2,693 Approved budget 07/06–06/07: $137.39 million UNMIL Since September 2003 UN Mission in Liberia Total personnel 16,606 Approved budget 07/06–06/07: $714.88 million UNOCI Since April 2004 UN Operation in Côte d'Ivoire Total personnel 10,122 Approved budget 07/06–06/07: $472.89 million ONUB June 2004 – December 2006 UN Operation in Burundi Total personnel 648 Approved budget 07/06–06/07 $128.54 million UNMIS Since March 2005 UN Mission in the Sudan Total personnel 13,224 Approved budget 07/06–06/07: $1,079.53 million MINURSO Since April 1991 UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara Total personnel 479 Approved budget 07/06–06/07: $45.94 million Donor Aid – 50 billion by the year 2010

Existing mechanisms 2000: 

Existing mechanisms 2000 Internal: Country constitutions and Art. 30 of the Constitutive Act of the AU – constitutions unilaterally amended Incorporation of Human Rights Conventions in the constitution, ratification of international treaties and conventions – not enforced, little political will African Peer Review Mechanism 2002 – Few countries completed, internationally financed UNDP, credibility, no follow up (Ghana, Kenya, Rwanda of 26 countries) Integrated defense forces – inability of the states to sustain the cost, huge defense force External: Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI): Under MDRI, 18 African countries have received 100% debt relief, and another 15 African countries will receive similar debt cancellation when they reach the required standards – based economic indicators which guarantee that countries do not become poorer International donor peer review – influx of money controlled/monitored Election Observer missions

Solutions – 2050: 

Solutions – 2050 More effective aid – restructure in order to address the real needs of the population not governments Conditionality related to political and social indicators not economic criteria Aid must help create independence not further dependency Successes of AU – potential transformative role Reinforce role of civil society Enforcement of existing mechanisms

Legal and Institutional Framework(Ademola Akinoyade & Virender Ohri): 

Legal and Institutional Framework (Ademola Akinoyade & Virender Ohri) SYMBOLS

Brief History of African States’ Attempts at Uniting: 

Brief History of African States’ Attempts at Uniting Ghana-Guinea 1958 United Africa 1959 (Mali joined 1960) OAU 1963 (disbanded on July 9, 2002) AEC 1981 Qaddafi’s Pan-Africanism 09.09.99 AU July 9, 2002

Organs of the AU: 

Organs of the AU The Assembly of the Union The Executive Council The Pan-African Parliament The Peace and Security Council The Commission The Permanent Representative Committee The Economic, Social and Cultural Council The Specialized Technical Committees The Court of Justice* The Financial Institutions** *12 out of the needed 15 members have signed the protocol establishing it. **Yet to be established.

Governmental Structure of the African Union: 

Governmental Structure of the African Union THE EXECUTIVE The Assembly The Commission The Executive Council of the African Union The Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union

Governmental Structure of the African Union contd.: 

Governmental Structure of the African Union contd. THE LEGISLATURE The Pan-African Parliament, also known as the African Parliament President Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliarment Committee on Rural Economy, Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment. Committee on Monetary and Financial Affairs. Committee on Trade, Customs and Immigration Matters. Committee on Cooperation, International Relations and Conflict Resolutions. Committee on Transport, Industry, Communications, Energy, Science and Technology, etc.

Governmental Structure of the African Union contd.: 

Governmental Structure of the African Union contd. THE JUDICIARY The Court of Justice The African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights elected the first eleven Judges of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights. January 22, 2006

Governmental Structure of the African Union contd.: 

Governmental Structure of the African Union contd. ADVISORY BODIES The Peace and Security Council The Specialized Technical Committees The Economic, Social and Cultural Council

Composition and Functions of the Organs: 

Composition and Functions of the Organs The Assembly of the Union the heads of state or government of the member countries. chief decision-making body. the Assembly meets once a year. The current Chairman of the Assembly is John Kufuor, president of Ghana.

Composition and Functions of the Organs contd.: 

Composition and Functions of the Organs contd. The Commission consists of ten Commissioners (dealing with different areas of policy) and supporting staff. the executive/administrative branch or secretariat of the AU. Responsible for the admin and coordination of AU’s activities and meetings. Hdqtr: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Chairperson: Alpha Oumar Konare (former president of Mali)

Composition and Functions of the Organs contd.: 

Composition and Functions of the Organs contd. The Executive Council made up of ministers designated by the governments of member countries. discuss issues of concern and prepare material for the Assembly. Make decisions on foreign trade. social security. food. agriculture. communications.

Composition and Functions of the Organs contd.: 

Composition and Functions of the Organs contd. Worth Mentioning: Rule 35 Implementation (of regulations and directives) Rule 36 Sanctions for non payment, noncompliance, unconstitutional governments.(enforceability and support for constitutinal government of member states, e.g. Togo, 2005; Mauritania, 2005) Rule 37 Election of 8 Commissioners on equal geographical distribution (democratic, based on geographical distribution—local control)

Composition and Functions of the Organs contd.: 

Composition and Functions of the Organs contd. The Permanent Representatives' Committee made up of nominated representatives of member countries. Primary function: prepares work for the Executive council Facilitate communication between the Commission and of member states Monitor imlementation of budget, etc.

Composition and Functions of the Organs (contd.): 

Composition and Functions of the Organs (contd.) LEGISLATURE The Pan-African Parliament, also known as the African Parliament, is the legislative body held its inaugural session in March 2004 265 Parliamentary representatives are elected by the legislatures of the 53 AU states. A president and four vice presidents (Officials of the Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament) At present it exercises oversight, and has advisory and consultative powers, which will last for the first till 2009, after which it will exercise full legislative powers. Ten Permanent Committees were created dealing with different sectors of life in Africa.

Composition and Functions of the Organs contd.: 

Composition and Functions of the Organs contd. THE JUDICIARY The African Court of Justice The Protocol establishing the Court must be ratified by 15 of the 53 Member States of the African Union. So far, it has been ratified by only 12. The seat of the Court will be situated in Eastern Africa. Article 15 gives power to the court to execute its judgement and non-compliance can lead to action according Article 52 sanctions can be imposed under section 23 of the AU Act. Will take over the duties of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, as well as act as the Supreme Court of the AU, interpreting all necessary laws and treaties. The African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights rules on African Union states' compliance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. It is being merged with the African Court of Justice. The first eleven Judges of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights were elected on Jan. 22, 2006. Meeting July 2-5, 2006.

Composition and Functions of the Organs contd.: 

Composition and Functions of the Organs contd. THE ADVISORY BODIES: Peace and Security Council Protocol Relating to the Peace and Security Council (PSC) of the African Union; in force since 26 December 2003, after being ratified by the required majority of Member States of the AU. Subsequently, the 4th Ordinary Session of the Executive Council that met in Addis Ababa, in March 2004, elected the 15 members of the PSC and adopted the Rules of Procedure of the new Organ. The PSC has since then held several meetings that focused on the conflict situations on the continent. Articles 6 and 7 talk about the functions and powers of PSC Article 13 African Standby Force Article 14 Peace building Process Article 17-20 Relationships with the United Nations and other international organizations, PAP, ACHP and Civil Society organizations AU First military intervention, deployment of Peacekeeping Force to Burundi, May 2003. Later to Sudan, Somalia

Composition and Functions of the Organs contd.: 

Composition and Functions of the Organs contd. The Specialized Technical Committees Ministers or senior officials in charge of sectors within their areas of expertise. They are bodies in the AU responsible to the Executive Council. They include (but could be expanded by the Assembly) the Specialised Technical Committee on: Rural Economy and Agricultural Matters Monetary and Financial Affairs Trade, Customs and Immigration Matters Industry, Science and Technology, Energy, Natural Resources and Environment Transport, Communications and Tourism, etc.

Composition and Functions of the Organs contd.: 

Composition and Functions of the Organs contd. The Economic, Social, and Cultural Council (ECOSOCC) The council of a president and four vice presidents, they are: Advisory body of the African Union charged with overseeing the development of those particular areas within the continent. To this end 10 Sectoral Cluster Committees were established to highlight these areas. The Council also maintains a Standing Committee Launched, with the full participation of Africa's Civil Society, at the AU’s headquarters on 29 March 2005

Composition and Functions of the Organs contd.: 

Composition and Functions of the Organs contd. FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS The African Investment Bank The African Central Bank to be completed by 2028 (first agreed upon in the 1991 Abuja Treaty). The African Monetary Fund AU financial institution, in time transfer responsibilities the African Central Bank.

Important Continental Organizations: 

Important Continental Organizations New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) African Economic Community African Development Bank (ADB) and African Development Fund (ADF) African Human Rights’ Court (AHRC) African Unification Front (AUF)*-- continental political party All (except*) are recognized, accepted and supported by the international community

New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD): 

New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) is now an economic development program of the African Union greater integration of NEPAD into the AU's structures and processes is in progress. four primary objectives eradicate poverty promote sustainable growth and development integrate Africa in the world economy accelerate the empowerment of women. Based on underlying principles of: commitment to good governance, democracy, human rights and conflict resolution; the recognition that maintenance of these standards is fundamental to the creation of an environment conducive to investment and long-term economic growth.

African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM): 

African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) mutually agreed instrument voluntarily acceded to by the member states of the African Union (AU) as a self-monitoring mechanism. encourage conformity in regard to political, economic and corporate governance values, codes and standards, among African countries and the objectives in socio-economic development of NEPAD At least 25 countries (July 2006) had formally joined the APRM by signing the MOU on the APRM. Review process started in 2004. (Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius and Rwanda)

African Economic Community: 

African Economic Community African Economic Community 1991 Takes care of all human development including agriculture, social and economic development. It also takes care of all modern facilities provided to the african union Articles 18 and 19 recognises the Court of Justice of the Community and its judgement are binding Article 25 takes care of all development, includeing science, art, education, energy, transport, tourism, welfare etc. Article 38 intra-community transit facilities for economic Article 43 free movement of people, rights of residence Article 45 free movement of capital Article 67 Standardisation of quality Article 87 settlement of disputes is through the court of justice and the judgement is binding Article 104 withdrawal from the community, 1 year notice and fulfill all its obligations

African Development Bank (ADB) and African Development Fund (ADF): 

African Development Bank (ADB) and African Development Fund (ADF) a development bank established in 1964 with the intention of promoting economic and social development in Africa. It is a conglomeration of the African Development Bank (ADB), the African Development Fund (ADF), and the Nigeria Trust Fund (NTF). Forty years to date, the ADB Group has financed 2,885 operations, for a total of $47.5 billion. It concluded 2003 with a AAA rating from major financial agencies and with a capital of $32.043 billion. has placed an emphasis over the years on the role of women, education and structural reforms, and lent its support to key initiatives such as debt alleviation for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC's) and (NEPAD). membership: 53 countries in Africa and 24 American, European, and Asian countries.

African Unification Front (AUF): 

African Unification Front (AUF) historic and global organization, and political party,formed in 1996. Agenda working to consolidate Africa into a unified political, social, and economic entity by, among other things: promoting high standards within the governance structures of the African Union. compliance monitoring, and engaging the broad masses of Africans in the process of integration and renascence. The AUF works to promote and protect the primacy, integrity and authority of the Pan African Parliament. Sees Pan-African Parliament as the embodiment of Africa's sovereignty and the highest representative government of the African Union. Proposes to have candidates standing for the next term of the PAP (beginning 2009). Proposes a single African currency, a single integrated African army between 2009-20014

The Future of African Union?: 

The Future of African Union? Hakuna mathata*! Jabulani** O Africa! No Worries, be happy, O Africa! Thanks a lot for your attention! *A Swahili phrase meaning "No Worries". **A Zulu word representing a simple, open kind of happiness, ‘Jabulani’ comes about from a smile or a moment when you feel good.

Conclusions – The AU by 2050: 

Conclusions – The AU by 2050 Global: divergent ties fostered integration Regional: a step towards a cont. union National: democratic states now function Institutional: objectives realized (Discussion facilitator: Dr. Nandini Patel)